(i) At the end of October 1945, the Jewish underground organizations like Irgun Zvai Leumi (Zionist Para-military Organization) and the Stern Gang (Zionist Terrorist Organization) began to launch terror attacks on a large scale.
(ii) Railways, bridges, airfields and government offices were blown up. The British government presented the dispute to the UN for a decision.
(iii) Succumbing to the pressure of great powers, the UN resolved to partition. Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state (29 November 1947).

In Palestine, the ancient home of Jews, only a few thousand Jews were living in 1900. Some 15 million were scattered around Europe and North America. This is referred to as the Diaspora.

(i) After Castro took power, the US-owned oil refineries on the island refused to process Russian oil. Castro nationalized them.
(ii) The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba's sugar.
(iii) Castro nationalized the US-owned sugar companies. And ended the US monopolies in electricity and telephones.
(iv) All these gravely threatened American economic interests.

The United States had its satellite states in Central America (Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, and Guatemala), the Caribbean (Cuba, the Dominion Republic, and Haiti) and East Asia (the Philippines, South Korea, South Vietnam, and Thailand).

(i) In December 1954, a conference of eight European nations namely, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Romania, and Russia took place in Moscow.
(ii) They concluded the treaty on May 14, 1955. This is known as the Warsaw Pact.

US, France, England, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan.

Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. Greece and Turkey, Germany.

The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War.

Its founder members were Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen.

(i) Mao was born in Hunan in south-east China. His father was a wealthy peasant, and a firm supporter of the Manchus.
(ii) Mao entered the Junior College at Changsha. In (1911) when the Revolution had broken out in China.
(iii) Mao joined the revolutionary army but soon left and enrolled in the Teachers' Training College in Changsha.
(iv) He then moved to Peking and served as an assistant librarian in Peking University.
(v) In the following year, Mao began his full-fledged political activities of Hunan and emerged as a staunch Communist.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's three principles were:
i) Nationalism,
ii) Democracy,
iii) People's livelihood with Socialism as the ultimate object.

(i) In the two opium wars of 1832 and 1848, China was defeated and was compelled to open its ports to western powers.
(ii) The opening of China to western imperialism led to economic exploitation and the impoverishment of the Chinese people.

The US and the USSR.

(i) In Egypt, in a coup in 1952, Colonel Nasser became its President.
(ii) In 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal, which undermined British interests.
(iii) With the failure of diplomacy, Britain and France decided to use force.
(iv) Israel saw this as an opportunity to open the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping and put a stop to Egyptian border raids.
(v) On 29 October Israeli forces invaded Egypt. Britain used this opportunity to demand that its troops be allowed to occupy the Canal Zone to protect the canal.
(vi) Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.
(vii) However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November. India played a crucial role in resolving the crisis.

(i)  After the death of Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the Kuomintang party
(ii)  As an allowed critic of communists he removed all the communists from important positions in the party.
(iii) In 1928 he captured Peking and once again there was a central government in China.