a) The first huge crash occurred on 24 October 1929.
b) This discouraged investors and consumers to such an extent that more and more people began to sell their shares and dispose of their stocks. But there were no buyers.
c) This was followed by the failure of American banks. The American financiers were forced to recall their own funds invested abroad.

Franklin Roosevelt in his "Good Neighbour" policy agreed that the US would not intervene in the internal affairs of any state, and would give economic and technical assistance to Latin America.

"Speak softly and carry a big stick".

Central America itself split into five republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua).

(i) The African National Congress founded in 1912 fought the practice of racism.
(ii) Repression was let loose against the leader of the Congress.
(iii) The ANC was banned and its leader Nelson Mandela was put behind bars. Mounting pressure at the global level helped to end the racist regime in South Africa.
(iv) In 1990 the ban on ANC was lifted and Mandela was freed after 27 years.
(v) In the elections held subsequently, the Africans were allowed to vote and ANC won the election and Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.

Apartheid, which means separateness, became the racial policy of the Nationalist Party in 1947.

The discovery of gold in Transvaal, in 1886, led to large numbers of British miners settling in and around Johannesburg.

Canada, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa and Ireland.

(i) Along with the repressive measures, Hitler's government followed a policy of repressing Jewish people.
(ii) The Jews were removed from government positions, excluded from the universities and deprived of citizenship.
(iii) Jewish businesses were closed down, and their establishments were attacked.
(iv) Later they were turned into extermination camps where industrial means of murder such as gas chambers were used to kill Jews.

(i) In order to give respectability to the Fascist party, Mussolini won over the Roman Catholic Church by recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state.
(ii) In return the church recognized the kingdom of Italy.
(iii) The Roman Catholic faith was made the religion of Italy and compulsory religious teaching in schools was ordered.
(iv) The Lateran Treaty incorporating the said provisions was signed in 1929.

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultra-nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20^th-century Europe.

Gold Standard is a monetary system where a country's currency or paper money carried a value directly linked to gold.

The defensive measures adopted by various nations to safeguard its economic interests led to an unprecedented decline in world economic activity. As its effect was deep and prolonged economists and historians call it the Great Depression.

(i) Smuts believed that a coalition government was required to solve the country's economic problems.
(ii) Therefore the South Africa party and the National party united in 1934 to form the United South Africa's National Party or United Party for short.
(iii) In spite of misunderstandings and disagreements, the smuts - Herzog alliance lasted until 1939.

i) The Monroe Doctrine was developed in 1815, by the President of the USA, Monroe.
ii) It declared that if Europeans interfered anywhere in America, north or south, it would amount to waging a war against the United States.
iii) Due to this threat, by 1830 the whole of South America was free from European domination.