a) There were two main political parties: The Unionist Party which was mainly British and the South Africa Party which had largely Afrikaners (Boers).
b) The first Prime Minister, Botha belonged to the South Africa Party ruled in cooperation with the British.
c) But a militant section of the South Africa Party formed the National Party under Herzog.
d) In 1920 elections, the National Party got 44 seats and the South Africa Party secured 41 seats.
e) At this juncture the British-dominated Unionist Party merged with the South Africa Party.
f) This gave Smuts a majority over the militant Afrikaner controlled National Party.

i) The decolonization process started in India from the beginning of the twentieth century with the launch of the Swadeshi Movement in 1905.
ii) The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 brought about rapid political as well as economic changes.
iii) In 1919, the Government of India Act introduced Dyarchy that provided for elected provincial assemblies as well as for Indian ministers to hold certain portfolios under Transferred Subjects.
iv) The Indian National Congress rejected the arrangements under Dyarchy and decided to boycott the legislature.
Lack of measures to industrialised India:
i) There was no change in the colonial economic policy.
ii) But in the case of indigenous industries, support was only in the form of providing technical advice and education.
iii) Even this policy was soon abandoned as many British enterprises were opposed to this.
Impact of Depression on Indian Agriculture:
i) The value of farm produced, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasants remained unchanged.
ii) In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
iii) The great fall in price prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.
Government of India Act, 1935:
i) To appease the Indian nationalists The Government of India Act was passed.
ii) Elections were conducted and the Indian National Congress won a resounding in most of the provinces.
iii) The decision of Britain to involve in the Second World War, without consulting the Congress ministries forced the latter to resign from office.

Origin of German Fascism:
a) The origin of German fascism goes back to 1919 when a group of seven men met in Munich and founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Nazi party one of them was Adolf Hitler.
b) During World War I, he served in the Bavarian army.
Hitler's attempt to capture power:
a) In 1923 Hitler attempted to capture power in Bavaria.
b) He was arrested and sent to jail. During his time in prison he wrote "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle), an autobiographical book containing his political ideas.
Presidential election:
a) In the Presidential election of 1932, the Communist Party polled about 6,000,000 votes. Alarmed capitalists and property owners tilted towards supporting fascism. Hitler exploited this opportunity to usurp powers.
b) Republican government fell, as the Communists refused to collaborate with the Social Democrats. Industrialists, bankers and Junkers prevailed upon President Von Hindenburg to designate Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.
Hitler's Third Reich:
a) The Nazi state of Hitler, known as Third Reich brought an end to the parliamentary democracy. Germany was converted into a highly centralised state.
b) All political parties except the Nazi party were declared illegal.
c) The army of brown-shirted and jack-booted storm-troopers was expanded.
d) The Hitler Youth was created, and the Labour Front set up.
e) Trade unions were abolished, their leaders were arrested. Strikes were made illegal, wages were fixed by the government.
Hitler became the President:
In August 1934 Hindenburg died and Hitler became both President and Commander in Chief of the armed forces.