The movie, Fiddler on the Roof, is about the anti- Jewish pogrom in nineteenth century Russia when an entire village of Jews is forced to move out by an order of the Tsar.

(i) The United States and the Soviet Union entered into a race to have more nuclear-powered weapons.
(ii) They built a large stockpile of such weapons.
(iii) Britain and France also developed their own nuclear weapons.
(iv) Countries began to devote a large amount of resources in developing more and more powerful weapons of great destructive power, and defense spending sky-rocketed in many countries.

(i) The Japanese generals refused to surrender and finally, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
(ii) As the Japanese still refused to surrender, another atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
(iii) Japan ultimately announced surrender on 15 August 1945 and formally signed 2 September 1945 bringing an end to World War II.

(i) Mussolini had been thrown out and the new government of Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1943.
(ii) However, the Germans set Mussolini up in a puppet regime in the north. Mussolini was killed in April 1945, by Italian partisans.

(i) The German strategy of lightning strikes was initially successful and the army penetrated 1000 miles into Russian territory very soon.
(ii) The German army then marched on Moscow. But ultimately, the resistance by the Soviet army and the fierce Russian winter defeated the German army.

(i) President Roosevelt realized that the United States had to change its policy of isolation, but could not intervene directly in the War in Europe, because it was not politically feasible.
(ii) So he started a program of "Lend Lease" in March 1941. Arms, food, military equipment, and other supplies were sent to Britain, disguised as a "loan", which would be returned after use.

(i) "We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall never surrender."
(ii) This inspirational speech by Winston Churchill in June 1940 boosted the morale of the British people when there were real fears of an invasion by Germany.

(i) Battle of Britain- By July 1940, it was feared that the Germans were planning to invade Britain.
(ii) Hitler wanted to force Britain to accept his proposals for peace by a prolonged airborne bombing campaign.
(iii) The German air force began to attack specific targets, especially the ports, airfields, and industrial installations.
(iv) In September 1940, London was bombed mercilessly, an action known as The Blitz.
(v) By October 1940, night bombing raids on London and other industrial cities began.

(i) Britain depended on large scale imports of food, raw materials and industrial goods by sea from its Empire and the US.
(ii) To attack this, Germany developed a fleet of submarines which caused havoc, especially in the Atlantic Ocean area, by sinking a large number of civilian ships carrying supplies to Britain.

(i) World War II was a modern war fought with heavy military equipment such as tanks, submarines, battleships, aircraft carriers, fighter planes, and bomber planes.
(ii) This involved a very large resource base, since all this equipment needed to be manufactured.
(iii) There had to be raw materials, manufacturing capacity and technical inputs to improve the military hardware. This was an expensive and prolonged war of attrition.

(i) Britain and France continued to be non- interventionist.
(ii) The mood in Britain was not in favor of starting another war.
(iii) Prime Ministers Baldwin and Chamberlain did not feel justified in intervening in a region which was not officially in their sphere of interest.
(iv) The United States was totally indifferent to the outside world and was concerned with the revival of the economy after the Great Depression.

(i) Germany experienced both high unemployment and severe inflation after the War, and its currency became practically worthless.
(ii) There are several pictures of the 1920s when ordinary people had to carry money in wheelbarrows to buy bread.

The end of World War II signaled a change in the world order and political configurations among the major powers. In addition, an era of large-scale social and economic change across the world was ushered in.

While the world at large had experienced many wars, these two wars are referred to as "World wars" because of the extended areas of the conflict and the very high death toll of civilians as well as armed combatants. Both wars were fought on several fronts across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

There are many clauses but the three main clauses are:
i) Germany was forced to give up territories to the west, north and east of the German border.
ii) Germany had to disarm and was allowed to retain only a very restricted armed force
iii)  As reparations for the war, Germany was expected to pay for the military and civilian cost of the war to the Allied nations.