Madras Native Association (1852), East India Association (1866), Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884), Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870), The Bombay Presidency Association (1885) and many others.

In 1824, the sepoys at Barrackpur near Calcutta refused to go to Burma by sea, since crossing the sea meant the loss of their caste.

The sepoys at Vellore mutinied against the new dress code, which prohibited Indians from wearing religious marks on their foreheads and having whiskers on their chin, while proposing to replace their turbans with a round hat. It was feared that the dress code was part of their effort to convert soldiers to Christianity.

(i) The Doctrine of Lapse: If a native ruler did not have male heir to the throne, the territory was to 'lapse' into British India upon the death of the ruler.
(ii) Satara, Sambalpur, parts of Punjab, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed by the British through the Doctrine of Lapse.

British claimed themselves as paramount, exercising supreme authority. New territories were annexed on the grounds that the native rulers were inept.

(i) This was the first major revolt of armed forces accompanied by civilian rebellion.
(ii) The revolt witnessed the unprecedented violence, perpetrated by both sides.
(iii) The revolt ended the role of the East India Company and the governance of the Indian subcontinent was taken over by the British Crown.

(i) The Munda people were also forcefully recruited as indentured labourers to work on plantations.
(ii) In the 1890s tribal chiefs offered resistance against the alienation of tribal people from their land and imposition of bethbegari or forced labour.

The Munda people were familiar with the cooperative or collective farming known as Khuntkatti (joint holding) land system.

(i) In response villages were raided and properties destroyed by the British.
(ii) In 1855 an act was passed to regulate the territories occupied by the Santhals.
(iii) The Act formed the territory into a separate division called Santhal Pargana division.

Santhals, scattered in various parts of eastern India, when forced to move out of their homeland during the process of creation of Zamins under Permanent Settlement, cleared the forest area around the Rajmahal Hills.

(i) After the death of Shariatullah the Faraizi rebellion was led by his son Dudu Mian who called upon the peasants not to pay tax.
(ii) It gained popularity on a simple doctrine that land and all wealth should be equally I enjoyed by the common folk.
(iii) Dudu Mian laid emphasis on the egalitarian nature of religion and declared that "Land belongs to God", and collecting rent or levying taxes on it was therefore against divine law.
(iv) Large numbers of peasants were mobilised through a network of village organisations.
(v) After the death of Dudu Mian in 1862, the was revived in the 1870s by Noah Mian.

Faraizi movement was launched by Haji Shariatullah in 1818.

The zamindar often sublet land to many subordinate lords who in return collected a fixed amount of revenue from the peasant. This increased the tax burden of the peasants.

i) The constructive programmes largely stressed upon self-help.
ii) It focused on building alternative institutions of self-governance that would operate free of British control.
iii) Swadeshi shops sprang all over the place selling textiles, handlooms. soaps, earthenware, match and leather goods.

(i) One of the most significant contributions of early Indian nationalists was the formulation of an economic critique of colonialism.
(ii) India was economically subjugated and transformed into a supplier of raw material to the British industries.
(iii) Simultaneously it became a market to dump English manufactures and for the investment of British capital.
(iv) So the colonial economy was a continuous transfer of resources from India to Britain without any favourable returns back to India. This is called the drain of wealth.