(i) There is hardly any evidence to prove that the rebellion of 1857 was organized and planned. It was spontaneous.
(ii) However, soon after the siege of Delhi, there was an attempt to seek the support of the neighboring states.
(iii) Besides a few Indian states, there was a general lack of enthusiasm among the Indian princes to participate in the rebellion.
(iv) The Indian princes and zamindars either remained loyal or were fearful of British power. Many a time they acted as a fifth column.
(v) One of the important reasons for the failure of the rebellion was the absence of a central authority.
(vi) There was no common agenda that united the individuals and the aspirations of the Indian princes and the various other feudal elements fighting against the British.
(vii) In the end, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British army. Delhi was captured by the British troops in late 1857. Bahadur Shah was captured and transported to Burma.

(i) Creation of legislative councils at provincial and central level.
(ii) Increasing the number of elected members in the legislative council.
(iii) Separating judicial and executive functions.
(iv) Reducing military expenditure Reduction of Home Charges.
(v) Extension of trial by jury.
(vii) Holding civil services exams in India as well as in England.
(viii) Police reforms.
(ix) Reconsideration of forest laws.
(x) Promotion of Indian industries and an end to unfair tariffs and excise duties.

(i) Creation of legislative councils at a provincial and central level.
(ii) Increasing the number of elected members in the legislative council.
(iii) Separating judicial and executive functions.
(iv) Reducing military expenditure.
(v) Reduction of Home charges.
(vi) Extension of trial by jury.
(vii) Holding civil services exams in India as well as in England.
(viii) Police reforms.
(ix) Reconsideration of forest laws.
(x) Promotion of Indian industries and an end to unfair tariffs and excise duties.

(i) The revolt was not well organised and planned. It was spontaneous.
(ii) There was a general lack of enthusiasm among the Indian princess to participate in the rebellion.
(iii) The Indian princes and Zamindars either remained loyal or were fearful of British power.
(iv) The educated middle class did not support the rebellion.
(v) One of the important reasons for the failure of the rebellion was the absence of a central authority.
(vi) There was no common agenda.
(vii) The Indian army was not well disciplined.
(viii) There was lack of organisation.
(ix) Lack of weapons
(x) Betrayal by their aides was also one of the causes for the failure of the revolt.

(i) The movement received an impetus when Birsa Munda declared himself as the messenger of God.
(ii) Birsa claimed that he had a prophecy and promised supernatural solutions to the problem of Munda people and the establishment of Birsaite Raj.
(iii) The Munda leaders utilised the cult of Birsa Munda to recruit more people to their cause. A series of night meetings were held and a revolt was planned.
(Iv) On the Christmas day of 1889, they resorted to violence. Buildings were burnt down and arrows were shot at the Christian missionaries and Munda Christian converts.
(v) Soon police stations and government officials were attacked. Similar attacks were carried out over the next few months.
(vi) Finally the resistance was crushed and Birsa Munda was arrested in February 1900 who later died in jail. Birsa Munda became a folk hero who is to this day celebrated in many folk songs.
(vii) The Munda rebellion prompted the British to formulate a policy on Tribal land. The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908), restricted the entry of non-tribal people into the tribal land.