Population composition refers to the characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, caste, religion, language, education, occupation etc

The total number of people residing in a country at a specified period of time is called the 'Population' of that country

(i) The Gas Authority of India Ltd [GAIL] is doing pioneer work in the field of natural gas exploration.
(ii) Discovery of gas made rapid strides in the 1985. Oil strikes at Cauvery offshore, at Nanda in Cambay basin and Tarot in Jaisalmer basin in Rajasthan were major discoveries during 1988-89.
(Iii) Recently, it has been found that Krishna- Godavari delta has reserves of Natural gas.

It is used for manufacturing of gunny bags, carpets, hessian, ropes and strings rugs, clothes, tarpaulins, upholstery, etc.

(i) Globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 16^th and 17^th centuries.
(ii) In 17^th century, globalization became private business phenomenon like British East India Company described as the first multinational company.

(i) Product Method
(ii) Income Method
(iii) Expenditure Method

All the decisions and decrees issued by the High Court are printed and are kept as a record for future references by the Court as well as by the lawyers, is such a need arises. Thus, it also acts as a Court of Record.

The cabinet works through various committees called cabinet committees. They are of two types standing and ad hoc. The former are of a permanent nature while the latter are of a temporary nature

Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and Jammu Kashmir.

The President of India resides at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi. The residence and the office of the President are located in the same building. However he has two other office cum residences where he conducts office at least once a year. They are 'The Retreat Building' at Shimla and the 'Rashtrapati Nilayam' at Hyderabad.

The Vice- President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the member of both Houses of Parliament

The 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is, education, forests, weights and measures, protection of wild animals and birds, and administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts excepts the Supreme Court and the high courts

On the basis of their content and direction, directive principles they can be classified into three broad categories, viz, socialistic, Gandhian and liberal-intellectual.

'Magna Carta' is the Charter of Rights issued by King John of England in 1215 under pressure from the barons. This is the first written document relating to the Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Factors like latitude, distance from the sea, monsoon wind, relied on features and jet stream affect the climate of India.

(i) These are the eastern off-shoot of Himalayas. It extended in the north-eastern states of India. Most of these hills are located along the border of India and Myanmar while others are inside India.
(ii) Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Mishmi Hills, Patkai Bum Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Mizo Hills, Tripura Hills, Mikir Hills, Garo Hills, and Khasi Hills are the hills which are collectively known as purvanchal hills.

(i) The school curricula shut out English education and western culture.
(ii) The instruction imparted was in original Islamic religion and the aim was moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.
(iii) The Deoband School did not prepare its students for government jobs but for the preaching of Islamic faith.

The Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, and the Aligarh Movement.

In November 1991, eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.

(i) After Castro took power, the US-owned oil refineries on the island refused to process Russian oil. Castro nationalized them.
(ii) The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba's sugar.
(iii) Castro nationalized the US-owned sugar companies. And ended the US monopolies in electricity and telephones.
(iv) All these gravely threatened American economic interests.

The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War.

The two main organs of the World Bank are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Agency (IDA).

While the world at large had experienced many wars, these two wars are referred to as "World wars" because of the extended areas of the conflict and the very high death toll of civilians as well as armed combatants. Both wars were fought on several fronts across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Apartheid, which means separateness, became the racial policy of the Nationalist Party in 1947.

The discovery of gold in Transvaal, in 1886, led to large numbers of British miners settling in and around Johannesburg.

(a) Battle of Tannenberg
(i) In 1914 Russian forces invaded East Prussia. Germany defeated them decisively. In the battle of Tannenberg Russia suffered heavy losses.
(ii) This caused distraction and helped to relieve the pressure on the western front. The French army made all efforts to drive away the invading Germans.
(b) Battle of Marne
(i) At the Battle of the Marne (early September 1914), the French succeeded in pushing back the Germans.
(ii) Paris was thus saved.
(iii) The battle of Marne is a memorable one for trench warfare.

(i) Kaiser proclaimed that Germany would be the leader of the world. The German navy was expanded.
(ii) Germany's aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain that a German navy could be directed only against her. Therefore, Britain embarked on a naval race, which heightened the tension between the two powers.

a) Archaic globalization
b) Proto globalization
c) Modern globalization

1) Gross National Happiness (GNH):-
The term GNH was coined in 1972
The four pillars of GNH:
i) Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development
ii) Environmental conservation
iii) Preservation and promotion of culture.
iv) Good governance.
The nine domains of GNH:
i) Psychological well-being,
ii) Health,
iii) Time use,
iv) Education
v) Cultural diversity & resilience
vi) Good governance,
vii) Community vitality
viii) Ecological diversity & resilience
ix) Living standards.
2) Human Development Index (HDI):-
In 1990 Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani Economist at the United Nations, introduced the Human Development Index.
Composition:
It is a composite index of
i) life expectancy at birth
ii) adult literacy and
iii) Standard of living
India's HDI level:
i) India's HDI value for 2017 is 0.640
ii) Between 1990 and 2017, HDI value increased nearly 50% - an indicator of achievement in lifting millions of people out of poverty.

a) The High Courts of the Presidency towns (Bombay, Calcutta and Madras) have both original and appellate jurisdictions, while other High Courts have mostly appellate jurisdiction.
b) Only in matters of admiralty, probate, matrimonial and contempt of Court, they have original jurisdiction
c) The Presidency High Courts have original jurisdiction in which the amount involved is more than 2000 and in criminal cases which are committed to them by the Presidency Magistrates.

(i) The Constitution of India grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir among Indian states, and it is the only state in India to have a separate constitution.
(ii) The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on the 17 November, 1957 and came into force on 26 January, 1957.
(iii) The Directive Principles of the State Policy and fundamental duties of the constitution are not applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
(iv) Right to Property, is still guaranteed as a fundamental right in Jammu and Kashmir.

a) He must be a citizen of India.
b) He should have worked as a judge of a High Court for atleast 5 years.
c) He should have worked as an advocate of High Court for atleast 10 years.
d) He is in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

i) Six languages are granted the classical language status.
ii) They are Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Odia.

i) The word 'citizen' is derived from the Latin terms 'civis'.
ii) It means resident of a City State.
iii) The Constitution of India provides for a single and uniform citizenship for the whole of India.
iv) Articles 5 to 11 under part II of the Constitution deals with the citizenship.

Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.
The types of migration are:
(1) Internal migration (within a country)
(2) International migration (between the countries).

i) Mumbai high oil fields
ii) Gujarat coast
iii) Bassein oil field
iv) Aliabet oil field
v) Ankleshwar
vi) Cambay - Lumu region
vii) Ahmedabad - Kalol region

Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5°C for every 1000 meters of ascent. This is called 'normal lapse rate'.

i) This physiographic division is the largest part of the plateau region of India. 
ii) The shape of this plateau is roughly triangular. 
iii) One of the sides of this triangle is marked by the line joining Kanyakumari with Raajmahal Hills and this line passes through the Eastern Ghats. 
iv) The second arm is marked by the Sapura Range, Mahadeo Hills, Maikal Range and the Raajmahal Hills. 
v) The third arm is marked by the Western Ghats. The area of this Plateau is about 7 lakh square km and the height ranges from 500 to 1000 m above sea level. 

S.No	Reformist movement	Revival movement
(1)	A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change or change in certain aspects of society, rather or fundamental changes.	Revival movements refer to spiritual movements which originate from a large folk revival.
(2)	A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements.	Emphasising a personal relationship with God is typical of the movements.
(3)	Some of the famous Reformist movements are Brahmo Samji. The Prarthana Samaj and the Aligarh movement.	A few famous Revivalist movements are the Arya Samaj, the Ramakrishna Mission, and the Deoband movement.

i) In, 1942 the Report Commonly known as the Beveridge Report was published in the U.K.
ii) It proposed a series of measures which the Government should adopt to provide the Citizens.
iii) The major impediments are adequate income, health care, education, housing and employment to overcome poverty and discase.

i) The Monroe Doctrine was developed in 1815, by the President of the USA, Monroe.
ii) It declared that if Europeans interfered anywhere in America, north or south, it would amount to waging a war against the United States.
iii) Due to this threat, by 1830 the whole of South America was free from European domination.

Trench Warfare:
(i) Trenches or ditches dug by troops enabled soldiers to safely stand and protect themselves from enemy fire.
(ii) The main lines of trenches were connected to each other and to the rear by a series of linking trenches through which food, ammunition, fresh troops, mail, and orders were delivered.

a) It is impossible to imagine a world without agriculture. Just a hundred year ago, four out of five in the world would have been engaged primarily in farming.
b) Now in rich countries farmers are tiny shares of the work force. Indeed in the United States today there are more lawyers than farmers, more dry cleaning establishments than farms.
c) The structural transformation is truly a radical force, and it is propelling the global economy towards a world without agriculture.
d) There is a condition of unstable prices for staple agricultural commodities in the world market since 2007.
e) A dynamic agricultural sector raises labour productivity in the rural economy, pulls up wages and gradually eliminates the most dimensions of absolute poverty.
f) Somewhat pathetically the process also leads to a decline in the relative importance of agriculture to the over all economy as industrial service sectors grow more rapidly. Agriculture modernization and rural workers migrate to urban jobs.
g) Apart from these factors there are horrible range of farmers committing suicide when drought or flood spoils their crops. Waivering loans alone will not be a standing solution but a substantial war footing level of action by the government only can save agriculture from ruins.

Indian agriculture and Indian farmers are plagued by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade.
(i) Small and fragmented land-holdings: The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states in India.
(ii) High Costs of Inputs: Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production.
(iii) Infertile Soil: Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils resulting low productivity.
(iv) Lack of Irrigation: Only one- third of the cropped area falls under irrigated area. To make agriculture reliable, irrigation facility has to be developed.
(v) Soil erosion:  Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. Such kind of areas must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.
(vi) Agricultural marketing: In rural India, agricultural marketing continues in bad shape. Due to the absence of sound marketing facility, the farmers have to depend on local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm products which is sold at a low price.
(vii) Inadequate storage facilities: Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate. Under such conditions, the farmers are compelled to sell their products immediately after the harvest irrespective of the condition of market.

Electronic Media:
(i) Mass Communication enables millions of people to get the information at the same time.
(ii) It is a great way to provide education as well as entertainment.
(iii) It helps in creating awareness among the people regarding various national policies and programmes.
(iv) The Mass Communication Systems can provide the information to people in two methods.
Electronic Media:
(i) Radio broadcasting in India was started in 1923 by the Radio club of Bombay.
(ii) It was named as All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and again it was renamed as Akashwani in 1957.
(iii) It broadcasts a variety of programs related to information, education and entertainment.
Print Media:
(i) Newspapers are the most common but powerful means of communication come under print media.
(ii) India has many newspapers which carry information on local, national and international events to the people

Major challenges of Indian Industries:
i) Industries in India face many problems. Some major problems are listed below.
ii) Shortage and fluctuation in Power Supply.
ii) Non- availability of large blocks of land.
iv) Poor access to credit.
v) High rate of interest for borrowed loan.
vi) Non - availability of cheap labourers.
vii) Lack of technical and vocational training for employees.
viii) Inappropriate living conditions nearby industrial estates.

(i) Sony Corporation
(ii) Hew left Packard (HP)
(iii) Tata Group
(iv) Microsoft corporation
(v) IBM
(vi) Nettle
(vii) Procter and Gamble
(viii) Pepsi company
(ix) The Coca-Cola company
(x) City group

(i) By the end of Second World War Viet Minh controlled the northern half of Vietnam. Viet Minh formed a government led by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi.
(ii) This Viet Minh government quickly occupied the southern half of Vietnam. However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese.
(iii) In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation. But the new French constitution included all overseas colonies in a French Union.
(iv) In 1949 the French attempted to secure the support of the population by declaring Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia independent within the French Union, retaining only foreign affairs and defense under French control. However, the problem of Indo- China soon became involved in the Cold War.
(v) While the French were receiving considerable financial aid from America, the Viet Minh were helped by the new Chinese communist government. The French troops were eventually defeated.
(vi) South Vietnam, approximately of the same size and population, was ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem.
(vii) Diem refused to hold the elections to decide on a united Vietnam.
(viii) However, by 1962, it was clear that Diem was incapable of controlling the situation. This led to the posting of more US armed forces in the area.
(ix) The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.
(x) The fighters of North Vietnam, trained in guerilla warfare, had grown out of spontaneous struggles against a repressive regime.
(xi) The American troops also used bacteriological weapons.
(xii) Incendiary bombs such as napalm and Agent Orange (to defoliate the forest cover) were used.
(xiii) Escalation of the total military outlay caused the US big business to protest. The youths rebelled against the conscription and the horrors of war.
(xiv) Anti-Vietnam War protests rocked universities and colleges across the US and in Europe and became part of the 1960s counterculture.
(xv) No other single issue united millions of people all over the world as the war of Vietnam.

(i) The Treaty also set up the League of Nations, on the initiative of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
(ii) The League was expected to mediate between countries and take action against countries which indulged in military aggression.
(iii) However, the United States was not interested in playing a global role or any role in European politics.
(iv) The popular mood favoured the traditional isolationist approach, and therefore the United States did not become a member of the League.
(v) The other Allied nations were also determined to maintain a noninterventionist attitude and, in consequence, the League remained an ineffectual international body.

(i) In the 1924 elections, after intimidation of the electors, 65 percent of the votes were cast for the Fascists.
(ii) Matteotti, a socialist leader, who questioned fairness of the elections, was murdered.
(iii) The opposition parties boycotted the Parliament in protest.
(iv) Mussolini reacted by banning opposition parties and censoring the Press. Opposition leaders were killed or imprisoned.
(v) Assuming the title of II Duce (the leader), in 1926 he became a dictator with power to legislate.
(vi) He passed a law forbidding strikes and lockouts. Unions and employers were organized into corporations which would settle wages and working conditions.
(vii) In 1938 Parliament was abolished and was replaced by a body representing the Fascist Party and the corporations.
(viii) This new arrangement bolstered Mussolini's dictatorial control of the economy, as well as enabling him to wield enormous power as head of the administration and the armed forces.

(i) One of the major problems confronting the European powers was how to achieve disarmament.
(ii) In 1925 the Council of the League set up a commission to hold a Disarmament Conference to sort out the problem.
(iii) But the proposed conference materialised only in February 1932. In this Conference, Germany's demand of equality of arms with France was rejected. In October Hitler withdrew Germany from the Conference and the League.
(iv) Japan attacked Manchuria in September 1931 and the League condemned Japan.
(v) So Japan also followed the example of Germany and resigned from the League.
(vi) In the context of Italy's attack on Ethiopia, the League applied sanctions.
(vii)  As the sanctions came into effect, Italy resigned from the League in 1937.
(viii) There after the League was a passive witness to events, taking no part in the crises over the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland.
(ix) The last decisive action it took was in December 1939 when Russia was expelled for her attack on Finland.
(x) The Assembly did not meet again and the League of Nations was finally dissolved in 1946.

Executive Powers:
i) Article 77 requires that every executive action of the Union shall be taken in the name of the President.
ii) He appoints the Prime Minister and the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.
iii) He is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments.
iv) These include the appointment of Governors of States, the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and high Courts, the Attorney General, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners the Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission, Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries.
Judicial Powers:
Article 72 confers on the President power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, or to commute the sentence of any person convicted of an offence.

S. No	Net Domestic Product (NDP)	Net National Product (NNP)
i)	NDP is a part of Gross Domestic Product	Net National Product (NNP) is arrived by making some adjustment  with regard to depreciation.
ii)	Net Domestic Product (NDP) is obtained from NDP = GDP Depreciation	NNP is obtained from NNP = GNP - Depreciation