a) Entrepreneurship is a process of a action of an entrepreneur who undertakes to establish his enterprise
b) It is the ability to create and build something.

i) Chennai has a well established sub urban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
ii) It is currently developing a Metro system with its underground stretch in operation since May 2017.

i) 'National Income is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced by an economy over a period of time, normally a year'.
ii) National Income is called as Gross National Product (GNP) or National Dividend.

i) To give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters which are referred to him by the president. 
ii) Attorney General of India has the right of audience in all courts in the territory of India.
iii) Further he has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both Houses of the Parliament or their joint sitting.
iv) He enjoys all the privileges and immunities that are available to a member of Parliament.

Manganese is used in the manufacturing of iron and steel, bleaching powder, insecticides, paints and batteries.

The western coast, Assam, South Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh are the heavy rainfall areas.

i) On December 1941, Japan attacked American naval installations in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii without any warning
ii) The idea was to cripple America's Pacific fleet so that Japan would not face any opposition
iii) Many battleships and numerous fighter planes were destroyed.
iv) The United States declared war on Japan, with Britain and China also joining in.
v) This brought together both the Asia Pacific and the European war into one common cause.
vi) Most importantly, it brought the United States with its enormous resources into the war as a part of the Allies.

It is the term used to describe the policy of the USA in maintaining and dominating over distant lands through economic aid.

Britain, France and Russia are the three countries in the Triple Entente.

i) Tamil Nadu is home to the largest textiles sector in the country
ii) Because of the development of cotton textile industry since the colonial period Coimbatore often referred as the "Manchester of South India".
iii) At present most of the spinning mills have moved to the smaller towns and villages radies over 100 to 150 km around the Coimbatore city.
iv) Tamil Nadu is the biggest producer of cotton yarn in the country
v) Palladam and Somanur are small towns near Coimbatore The villages near these towns home to a dynamic powerloom weaving cluster
vi) Power loom is however more widespread with Erode and Salem region also have a large number of power loom units
vii) Tiruppur is famous for clustering of firms producing cotton knitwear
viii) It accounts for nearly 80% of the country's cotton knitwear exports and generates employment in the range of over three lakh people since the late 1980's.
ix) It is also a major producer for the domestic market.
x) While initially most firms were run by local entrepreneurs, at present, some of the leading garment exporters in India have set up factories here
xi) Karur is a major centre of exports of home furnishings like table cloth, curtains, bed covers and towels.
xii) Bhavani and Kumrapalayam are major centres of production of carpets, both for the domestic and the global markets.
Traditional artisanal clusters:
There are also traditional artisanal clusters such as Madurai and Kanchipuram that are famous for silk and cotton handloom sarees.

i) State Goods and services Tax (SGST): Intra state (within the state) : VAT /Sales tax, purchase tax, entertainment tax, luxury tax, lottery tax and state surcharge and cesses.
ii) Central Goods and services Tax (CGST): Intra state (with the state) : Central Excise Duty Service tax, countervailing duty, additional duty of customs, Surcharge. education and secondary / higher secondary cess.
iii) Integrated Goods and services Tax (GST): Interstate (integrated GST)
a) There are four major GST rates : 5 % 12 %, 18 % and 28 %.
b) Almost all the necessities of life like vegetables and food grains are exempted from this tax.

a) Tamil Nadu has only 2.5% percent of India's water resources. More than 95% of the surface water and 80% of the ground water have already been put into use.
b) The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains.
\(\begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline {\text { Surface Water Resources }} & {\text { Numbers }} \\ \hline \text { River Basin } & 17 \\ \text { Reservoirs } & 81 \\ \hline \text { Tanks } & 41,127 \\ \text { Tube wells and other wells } & 4,98,644 \\ \text { Open wells } & 15,06,919 \\ \hline \text { Total (Million Cubic metres) } & 2046788 \mathrm{MCM} \\ \hline \end{array}\)
Multipurpose River Valley Projects:
i) The Mettur dam was constructed in a gorge, where river Cauvery enters the plains. It is one of the oldest dam in India.
ii) The Bhavani Sagar dam is located 80 km away from Coimbatore city in the district of Erode. It has been constructed across the river Bhavani.
iii) The Amaravathi dam is situated 25 km away from Udumalpet in Tirupur district. The dam has been constructed across the river Amaravathi, a tributary of Cauvery.
iv) Krishnagiri dam is situated at- a distance of 7 km from Krishnagiri towards Dharmapuri.
v)  Sathanur Dam was constructed across the river Thenpennai in Chengam taluk. It is in the midst of Chennakesava hills.
vi) Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the British administration in 1895. It has been constructed on the Periyar river, which originates from. Thekkady hills of Kerala.
vii) Vaigai dam built across the river Vaigai near Andipatti. The dam with a height of 111 feet can store water up to 71 feet.
viii) Manimuthar dam is located about 47 km from Tirunelveli.
viii) The Papanasam dam is also known as Karaiyar dam and is located about 49 km away from Tirunelveli. The dam is used to irrigate Tirunelveli  and Thoothukudi districts.
ix) Parappalar project is located near Ottanchatram. Its storage capacity is 167 million cubic feet of water. It is about 75 km from Madurai and is in Palani taluk.

a) Swadeshi Movement:
i) The partition of Bengal (1905) led to the Swadeshi Movement.
ii) The Swadeshi movement made a deep impact in Tamil Nadu.
iii) The Calcutta Congress which called upon the nation to promote Swadeshi enterprise, boycott foreign goods and promote, national education.
b) Response in Tamil Nadu:
i) V.O. Chidambaranar, V. Chakkaraiyar, Subramania Bharati and Surendranath Arya were some of the prominent leaders in Tamil Nadu.
ii) Public meetings were organised in various parts of Tamil Nadu.
iii) Tamil was used on the public platform for the first time to mobilise the people.
iv) Subaramania Bharati's patriotic songs stirred patriotic emotions.
v) Many journals were started to propagate Swadeshi ideals. Swadesamitran and India were prominent journals.
c) Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company
i) One of the most enterprising acts was the launching of the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Thoothukudi by V.O. Chidambaranar.
ii) He purchased two ships Gallia and Lavo and plied them between Thoothukudi and
Colombo.
d) Tirunelveli Uprising:
i) V.O.C and Subramania Siva organised the mill workers in Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli.
ii) In 1908, he led a strike in the Coral Mills.
iii) V.O.C and Subramania Siva organized a public meeting to celebrate the release of Bipin, So they were arrested.
iv) The news of the arrest sparked riots in Tirunelveli, leading down to burning of police station , court building and municipal office .
v) It led to the death of four people in police firing.
vi) V.O.C was treated harshly in prison and was made to pull the heavy oil press.
vii) To avoid imprisonment Subramania Bharati moved to Pondicherry which was under French rule.

There are six Fundamental Rights. They are
i) Right to Equality
ii) Right to Freedom
iii) Right against Exploitation
iv) Right to Religion
v) Cultural & Educational Rights
vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies
Right to Equality
i) Article 14 : Equality before law
ii) Article 15 : Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
iii) Article 16 : Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
iv) Article 17 : Abolition of untouchability.
v) Article 18 : Abolition of titles except military and academic.
Right to freedom
i) Article 19 : Freedom of speech and expression assembly association, movement, residence and profession.
ii) Article 20 : Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
iii) Article 21 : Protection of life and personal liberty.
iv) Article 21A : Right to elementary education.
v) Article 22 : Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against exploitation
i) Article 23 : Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
ii) Article 24 : Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Rights to Religion
i) Aticle 25 : Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
ii) Article 26 : Freedom to manage religious affairs.
iii) Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion.
iv) Aricle 28 : Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational insitutions.
cultural & Educational Rights
i) Article 29 : Protection of language, script and culture of minorities.
ii) Article 30 : Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
Right to Constitutional remedies
iii) Article 32: It allows individuals to seek redressal for the violation of their fundamental rights.

i) The use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made this communication system very vital for the country.
ii) Satellite images are used for weather forecasting, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
iii) The communication through satellites emerged as a new era in communication in our country after the establishment of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
Two types:
Satellite system in India can be grouped into two-the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
Satellites :
i) The INSAT, established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other programs.
ii) The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio, mobile phone.
iii) It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.
iv) The INSAT series, GSAT series, KALPANA-1, HAMSAT and EDUSAT are the major communication satellite used for communication purpose.
v) GSAT-7A is the recent launch (December 19, 2018) for communication programs. INSAT-IB launched on 30^th August 1983 is the first communication satellite in INSAT series.

(i) Multipurpose Project is a scientific management of water resources in our country. Construction of dam across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
(ii) The various purposes of a dam serves are irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries,navigation,etc. Irrigation and hydro-power are the major aims of the projects.
Two import river valley projects (Multipurpose projects):
Bhakra Nangal project:
i) Bhakra Nangal project is constructed across the river Sutlej.
ii) It is the highest gravity dam in India.
iii) The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are benefited by this project.
Hirakud project:
i) Hirakud project is constructed across the river Mahanadi in Odisha.
ii) This is the longest dam in the world.
iii) The state benefited by this project is Odisha.

On the basis of climate, soil and land form characteristics the natural vegetation of India can be divided into the following types.
Tropical Evergreen Forest:
i) These forest are found in areas with 200 cm or more annual rainfall.
ii) Western Ghats in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur and Meghalaya states have this type of forests.
iii) The most important trees are rubber, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, coconut, bamboo, cinchona, candes, palm, iron wood and cedar.
Tropical Deciduous Forest:
i) These forests are found in the areas with 100 to 200 cm annual rainfall.
ii) These are called 'Monsoon Forests'.
iii) The trees of these forests drop their leaves during the spring and early summer.
iv) These forests are found in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
v) Teak and Sal are the most important trees. Sandal wood, rose wood, Kusum, Mahua, Palas haldu, amla, padank, bamboo and tendu are the other trees of economic importance.
vi) These forests also provide fragrant oil, varnish, sandal oil and perfumes.
Tropical Dry Forest:
i) These forests are found in the areas with 50 to 100 cm annual rainfall.
ii) They represent a transitional type of forests.
iii) These are found in east Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Maharashtra, Telangana, West Karnataka and East Tamil Nadu.
iv) The important species are mahua, banyan, amaltas, palas, haldu, kikar, bamboo, babool, khair, etc.
Tropical Thorn Forest:
i) These are found in the areas having annual rainfall of less than 50 cm.
ii) They have low humidity and high temperature.
iii) These forests are found in north - west India, which includes west Rajasthan, South west
iv) Haryana, North Gujarat, South  - west Punjab, parts of the Deccan plateau in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
v) Babul, Kikar and Wild palms are common trees found here.
Mountain or Montane Forest:
On the basis of altitude and amount of rainfall, these forests are classified into two.
i) Eastern Himalayan Forest,
ii) Western Himalayan Forest.
Alpine Forest:
i) It occurs all along the Himalayas with above 2400 m altitude.
ii) These are purely having coniferous trees.
iii) Oak, silver fir, pine and juniper are the main trees of these forests.
iv) The eastern parts of Himalayas have large extent of these forests.
Mangrove Forest:
i) These forests occur in and around the deltas, estuaries, creeks, prone to tidal influences and as such are also known as delta or swamp forests.
ii) The delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra has the largest tidal forest.
iii) These are also known as Sundarbans forest.
iv) The deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna rivers are also known for tidal forests.
v) These are also known as tidal forests.

English education:
i) English education introduced with the objective of producing clerks also produced a new English educated middle class.
ii) This class came under the influence of western ideas and thoughts.
Role of Christianity:
i) Christianity also had its effect on the newly emerging middle class.
ii) The educated middle class began to take a lead in political as well as in reform movements.
Western ideas:
i) The Indian reformers were quite hesitant to subject their old notions and habits to critical scrutiny. Instead they attempted to harmonize both Indian and western cultures.
ii)Their ideas and their actions helped to mitigate social evils such as sati, female infanticide and child marriage and various superstitious beliefs.
Role of scholars and writers:
i) The scholars and writers were an inspiration for the people towards the reform movements.
ii) As the society was having a number of evil practices like sati, child marriage and polygamy there was an urgent need for reform in the society.
iii) These were the circumstances that led to the reform movement in the 19^th century.

a) After the death of Sun Yat - Sen, Chiang Kai Shek became the leader of the Kuomintang,
b) The communist party was under Mao Tse -Tung and Chou En Lai.
c) The communists increased their influence among the workers and peasants and recruited them in the army
Retreat of Communists:
i) The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.
ii) Mao understood that the Kuomintang grip on the towns was very strong. A few hundred communists led by Mao retreated into the wild mountains. There they stayed for seven years.
iii) Kuomintang was unable to enter the mountains as Chiang Kai Shek had deal with a lot of problems.
Long March:
i) In 1934, the communist army of about 100,000 set out on a Long March. In 1935 only 20,000 reached northern Sheni after crossing 6,000 miles.
ii) By 1937, Mao had become the leader of over 10 million people of China.
Rise of Mao:
i) However Mao was keen on getting the support of the middle class.
ii) He declared that the communists wanted the rule of the people but not of the dictator.
iii) In 1949, the People's Republic of China emerged under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung.

European Alliances and Counter - Alliances:
(i) In 1900 five of the European Great Powers were divided into two armed camps.
a) One camp consisted of the Central Powers namely Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. They formed the Triple Alliance in 1882.
b) The other camp consisted of France and Russia. Their alliance was formed in 1894 with the promise of mutual help if Germany attacked either of them.
(ii) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance prompted France to seek an alliance with Britain to resolve colonial disputes over Morocco and Egypt.
(iii) In 1904 Entente Cordiale was signed between France and Britain.
(iv) Finally it led to the formation of Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia.
Violent Forms of Nationalism:
England's Jingoism, France's Chauvinism and Germany's Kultur were militant forms of nationalism, contributing decisively to the outbreak of war.
Aggressive attitude of Germany:
a) Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany proclaimed Germany would be the leader of the world.
b) Germany's aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain a German navy could be directed only against her.
Imperial power politics in the Balkans:
a) The Young Turk Revolution of 1908, provided both Austria and Russia with the opportunity to resume their activities in the Balkans.
b) Austria and Russia met and agreed Austria should annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. This aroused intense opposition from Serbia. Germany gave Austria firm support.
c) The enmity between Austria and Serbia led to the outbreak of war in 1914.
The Balkan wars:
a) The Ottoman Empire extended over the Balkans and across Hungary to Poland.
b) The Turks and their subjects of different nationalities in the Balkans indulged in the most frightful massacres and atrocities.
c) The league attacked and defeated Turkish forces in the first Balkan War (1912-13).
d) According to the Treaty of London signed in May 1913 the new state of Albania was created and the other Balkan states divided up Macedonia between them.
e) The division of Macedonia, however, did not satisfy Bulgaria. Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece. But Bulgaria was easily defeated. The second Balkan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest in August 1913.
Immediate cause:
a) The climax to these events in the Balkans occurred in Sarajevo in Bosnia. On 28 June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by Princip, a Bosnian Serb.
b) The German army which was planning a war against both France and Russia wanted to use the occasion to its advantage.
c) The German violation of Belgian neutrality forced Britain to enter war.