Mixed economy means both Private and Public sectors co-exist and function smoothly. Indian economy is a typical example of mixed. economy. The public sector functions as a socialistic economy and the private sector as a free enterprise economy.

It refers to the number of literates as a percentage of the total population. In 1951, only one-fourth of the males and one-twelfth of the females were literates

The energy sources are classified under two heads based on the availability of the raw materials used, while generating energy.
(i) Non - renewable energy sources
(ii) Renewable energy sources.

(i) Large population
(ii) Increasing prices of essential goods.
(iii) Lack of infrastructure.
(iv) Inadequate employment opportunities.
(v) Economic Disparities.

(i) High national income
(ii) High per capita income
(iii) High standard of living.
(iv) Full employment of resources
(v) High level of technology.

(i) Uneconomic holdings with subdivisions and fragmentation.
(ii) Low levels of water availability for crops.
(iii) Excess population pressure on agriculture due to fewer industries.
(iv) Absence of capital and autonomy in currency policy.

Sen's 'Choice of Technique' was a research work where he argued that in a labour surplus economy, generation of employment cannot be increased at the initial stage by the adoption of capital-intensive technique.

Resources that are exhaustive and cannot be regenerated is called non-renewable energy.
Eg: fossil fuels - Coal, Petroleum, minerals.

(i) Any stock or reserve that can be drawn from nature is a Natural Resource.
(ii) The major natural resources are land, forest, water.

Economic growth means transformation of an economy from a state of underdevelopment to a state of development which is measured by Gross Domestic Product.

Social infrastructure refers to those structures which improve the quality of manpower and contribute indirectly towards the growth of an economy.
Education:
(i) Education is in Concurrent List.
(ii) The Ministry of Human Resource Development decides the education budget and education policy.
(iii) India follows a six-level system - nursery, primary, secondary, higher secondary, graduation and post-graduation.
(iv) We have the 10 +2 pattern.
(v) The education department consists of schools, colleges and universities imparting education to all.
(vi) Though the budget share of education is 3% of GDP yet the per pupil expenditure for school students is the lowest.
Health:
(i) Health is a state-government responsibility.
(ii) The Central Council of Health and Welfare formulates various health care projects.
(iii) India has the ayurvedic medicine, unani, homeopathy, allopathy and yoga.
(iv) Medical practicing needs a licensing from the Ministry of Health. All medical systems now are under one ministry viz AYUSH.
(v) Health status is better in Kerala but generally India's health status is not satisfactory

Rao's examination of the "interrelation between investment, income and multiplier in an underdeveloped economy" (1952) was his major contribution to macroeconomic theory.

It refers to an improvement in citizens' quality of life and well-being of a country which is measured by per capita income along with several other development indicators like Human Development Index, Physical Quality of Life Index and Gross National Happiness Index.

Introduction:

Mineral resources are valuable natural resources that play an important role in the economic development of India. Important minerals found in India include iron ore, coal, lignite, bauxite, mica, crude oil, gold, and diamonds.

1. Iron Ore

India has abundant reserves of high-quality iron ore. It is the basic raw material for the iron and steel industry. Major iron ore producing states are Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Goa.

2. Coal and Lignite

Coal is the most important source of commercial energy in India. It is used for electricity generation and industrial purposes. Major coal-producing states include Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh.

3. Bauxite

Bauxite is the chief ore of aluminium. Aluminium is widely used in transport, construction, and electrical industries. Odisha is the leading producer of bauxite in India.

4. Mica

Mica is a good insulator and heat-resistant mineral. It is used in electrical and electronic industries. India is one of the leading producers of mica.

5. Crude Oil

Crude oil is an important source of energy. It is used to produce petrol, diesel, kerosene, and other petroleum products. Major oil-producing areas are Assam, Gujarat, and offshore regions.

6. Gold and Diamonds

Gold and diamonds have high commercial value. They support the jewellery industry and contribute to exports.

Conclusion:

Mineral resources are essential for industrial development, energy production, employment generation, and economic growth. Therefore, they are a valuable asset for India's development.

Introduction:
Indian economy is the seventh largest economy of the world. Its features are:
Mixed economy:
(i) In India private and public sectors co-exist.
(ii) Some fundamental and heavy industries are under public sector.
(iii) Due to liberalization private sector's importance has increased.
Agriculture:
(i) 60 % of Indians depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
(ii) 17 % of GDP is got from agricultural sector.
(iii) Green revolution and inventions in biotechnology have made agriculture self sufficient.
(iv) The export of fruits, vegetables, spices, tobacco, animal skin, vegetable oils also add to foreign exchange earning.
An emerging market:
(i) India has emerged as a vibrant economy sustaining stable GDP growth rate even when there was global downtrend.
(ii) This has attracted foreign capital through FDI and FII.
(iii) India is in the 7^th position in terms of nominal GDP and 3^rd in terms of purchasing power parity.
(iv) India is one among the G20 countries.
Fast growing economy:
(i) With a growth rate of 7.1% in GDP India is the world's fastest growing economy in 2016-17 next to China.
Fast growing service sector:
(i) There has been growth in technical sectors like Information Technology, BPO.
(ii) These emerging services have helped the country to go global.
Large domestic consumption:
(i) The standard of living has improved a lot. There is rapid increase in domestic consumption.
Rapid growth of urban areas:
(i) There has been a rapid growth of urban areas in India after Independence. Improved connectivity in transport and communication, education and health have speeded up urbanization.
Stable macroeconomy:
(i) India is one of the most stable economies of the world.
(ii) The current year's economic survey represents the Indian economy to be a "heaven of macroeconomic stability, resilience and optimism".
Demographic dividend:
(i) The human capital is young.
(ii) They are young, skilled and trained enough to maximize growth.
(iii) This has invited foreign investments and outsourcing opportunities.