Mixed economy means both Private and Public sectors co-exist and function smoothly. Indian economy is a typical example of mixed. economy. The public sector functions as a socialistic economy and the private sector as a free enterprise economy.

It refers to the number of literates as a percentage of the total population. In 1951, only one-fourth of the males and one-twelfth of the females were literates

The energy sources are classified under two heds based on the availability of the raw materials used, while generating energy.
(i) Non - renewable energy sources
(ii) Renewable energy sources.

(i) Large population
(ii) Increasing prices of essential goods.
(iii) Lack of infrastructure.
(iv) Inadequate employment opportunities.
(v) Economic Disparities.

(i) High national income
(ii) High per capita income
(iii) High standard of living.
(iv) Full employment of resources
(v) High level of technology.

(i) Uneconomic holdings with subdivisions and fragmentation.
(ii) Low levels of water availability for crops.
(iii) Excess population pressure on agriculture due to fewer industries.
(iv) Absence of capital and autonomy in currency policy.

Sen's 'Choice of Technique' was a research work where he argued that in a labour surplus economy, generation of employment cannot be increased at the initial stage by the adoption of capital-intensive technique.

Resources that are exhaustive and cannot be regenerated is called non-renewable energy.
Eg: fossil fuels - Coal, Petroleum, minerals.

(i) Any stock or reserve that can be drawn from nature is a Natural Resource.
(ii) The major natural resources are land, forest, water.

Economic growth means transformation of an economy from a state of underdevelopment to a state of development which is measured by Gross Domestic Product.

Social infrastructure refers to those structures which improve the quality of manpower and contribute indirectly towards the growth of an economy.
Education:
(i) Education is in Concurrent List.
(ii) The Ministry of Human Resource Development decides the education budget and education policy.
(iii) India follows a six-level system - nursery, primary, secondary, higher secondary, graduation and post-graduation.
(iv) We have the 10 +2 pattern.
(v) The education department consists of schools, colleges and universities imparting education to all.
(vi) Though the budget share of education is 3% of GDP yet the per pupil expenditure for school students is the lowest.
Health:
(i) Health is a state-government responsibility.
(ii) The Central Council of Health and Welfare formulates various health care projects.
(iii) India has the ayurvedic medicine, unani, homeopathy, allopathy and yoga.
(iv) Medical practicing needs a licensing from the Ministry of Health. All medical systems now are under one ministry viz AYUSH.
(v) Health status is better in Kerala but generally India's health status is not satisfactory

Rao's examination of the "interrelation between investment, income and multiplier in an under developed economy" (1952) was his major contribution to macroeconomic theory.

(i) According to Gandhi, "Real India was to be found in villages and not in towns or cities".
(ii) Gandhi suggested the development of self sufficient, self dependent villages.

It refers to an improvement in citizens' quality of life and well-being of a country which is measured by per capita income along with several other development indicators like Human Development Index, Physical Quality of Life Index and Gross National Happiness Index.

Introduction:
The mineral resources in India are iron ore, coal, lignite, bauxite, mica, crude oil, gold and diamond.
Iron ore:
(i) India possesses high quality iron ore in abundance.
(ii) There is 14,630 million tonnes of hematite and 10,619 million tonnes of magnetite.
(iii) Hematite iron is found in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.
(iv) Magnetite iron is available at Western coast of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Coal and Lignite:
(i) Coal is the largest available mineral resource. India ranks third in the world after China and USA in coal production.
(ii) The coal centres are in Bihar, W.Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
(iii) Bulk of coal production comes from Bengal Jharkhand coalfields.
Bauxite:
(i) Bauxite is the main source of aluminium.
(ii) Major reserves are in East Coast, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Mica:
(i) It is a heat resisting mineral - a bad conductor of electricity.
(ii) It is used as an insulator. India stands first in sheet mica production.
(iii) It contributes 60% of mica trade in the world. Mica bearing pegmatite is found in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan.
Crude oil:
Oil is being explored at Assam and Gujarat, Digboi, Badarpur, Naharkatia, Kasimpur, Pallaria, Rudrapur, Shivasagar, Mourn in Assam and Bay of Khambhat, Ankaleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat are the oil exploration places in India.
Gold:
There is only limited gold reserve in three gold mine regions, Kolar Goldfield in Kolar district, Hutti Goldfield in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri Goldfield in Anantpur district in Andhra Pradesh.
Diamond:
(i) The total diamond reserve of 4582 thousand carats is found in Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Rammallakota of Kurnool district (Andhra Pradesh) and in the Basin of Krishna river.
(ii) The new Kimberlite fields have been discovered in Raipur and Pastar districts of Chattisgarh, Nuapada and Bargarh districts of Odisha, Narayenpet - Maddur Krishna areas of Andhra Pradesh and Raichur-Gulbarga districts of Karnataka.

Introduction:
Indian economy is the seventh largest economy of the world. Its features are:
Mixed economy:
(i) In India private and public sectors co-exist.
(ii) Some fundamental and heavy industries are under public sector.
(iii) Due to liberalization private sector's importance has increased.
Agriculture:
(i) 60 % of Indians depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
(ii) 17 % of GDP is got from agricultural sector.
(iii) Green revolution and inventions in biotechnology have made agriculture self sufficient.
(iv) The export of fruits, vegetables, spices, tobacco, animal skin, vegetable oils also add to foreign exchange earning.
An emerging market:
(i) India has emerged as a vibrant economy sustaining stable GDP growth rate even when there was global downtrend.
(ii) This has attracted foreign capital through FDI and FII.
(iii) India is in the 7^th position in terms of nominal GDP and 3^rd in terms of purchasing power parity.
(iv) India is one among the G20 countries.
Fast growing economy:
(i) With a growth rate of 7.1% in GDP India is the world's fastest growing economy in 2016-17 next to China.
Fast growing service sector:
(i) There has been growth in technical sectors like Information Technology, BPO.
(ii) These emerging services have helped the country to go global.
Large domestic consumption:
(i) The standard of living has improved a lot. There is rapid increase in domestic consumption.
Rapid growth of urban areas:
(i) There has been a rapid growth of urban areas in India after Independence. Improved connectivity in transport and communication, education and health have speeded up urbanization.
Stable macroeconomy:
(i) India is one of the most stable economies of the world.
(ii) The current year's economic survey represents the Indian economy to be a "heaven of macroeconomic stability, resilience and optimism".
Demographic dividend:
(i) The human capital is young.
(ii) They are young, skilled and trained enough to maximize growth.
(iii) This has invited foreign investments and outsourcing opportunities.