A hormone called florigen is said to induce flowering. The term florigen was coined by chailakyan but it is not possible to isolate it.

Rosette plants (genetic dwarfism) plants exhibit excessive internodal growth when they are treated with gibberellins. This sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering is called bolting

2, 4 - D - 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic acid
2, 4, 5 - T - 2, 4, 5- Trichlorophenoxy Acetic acid

(i) Growth is defined as an irreversible permanent increase in size, shape, number, volume and dry weight.
(ii) Plant growth occurs by cell division, enlargement, differentiation and maturation.

Growth in plants can be measured in terms of,
1) Increase in length or girth (roots and stems)
2) Increase in fresh or dry weight
3) Increase in area or volume (fruits and leaves)
4) Increase in number of cells produced.

1. Vernalization shortens the vegetative period and induces the plant to flower earlier.
2. It increases the cold resistance of the plants.
3. It increases the resistance of plants to fungal disease.
4.  Plant breeding can be accelerated.

1) In most of the plants" there is sharp rise in respiration rate near·the end of the development of fruit, called climacteric rise.
2) Such fruits are called climacteric fruits. The ripening on demand can be induced in these fruits by using ethylene.
Eg: Tomato, Apples, Banana, Mango, etc.,

Five major groups of hormones viz., auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid are presently known to coordinate and regulate growth and development in plants.

Physiological effect:
1) Cytokinin promotes cell division in the presence of auxin (IAA).
2) Induces cell enlargement associated with IAA and gibberellins
3) Cytokinin can break the dormancy of certain light-sensitive seeds like tobacco and induces seed germination.
4) Cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral bud in the presence of apical bud.
5) Application of cytokinin delays the process of aging by nutrient mobilization.
6) It is known as Richmond Lang effect.
7) Cytokinin
(i) increases rate protein synthesis
(ii) induces the formation of inter-fascicular cambium
(iii) overcomes apical dominance
(iv) induces formation of new leaves, chloroplast and lateral shoots.
8) Plants accumulate solutes very actively with the help of cytokinins.

1) Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity.
2) Example: Heterophylly in cotton and coriander. In such plants, the leaves of the juvenile plant are different in shape from those in mature plants.
3) On the other hand, the difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and those produced in water in buttercup also represent the heterophyllous development due to the environment. This phenomenon ofheterophylly is an example of plasticity.

(i) Senescence is controlled by plants own genetic programme and death of the plant or plant part consequent to senescence is called Programmed Cell Death.
(ii) In short senescence of an individual cell is called PCD.
(iii) The proteolytic enzymes involving PCD in plants are phytaspases and in animals are caspases.
(iv) The nutrients and other substrates from senescing cells and tissues are remobilized and reallocated to other parts of the plant that survives.
(v) The protoplasts of developing xylem vessels and tracheids die and disappear at maturity to make them functionally efficient to conduct water for transport.
(vi) In aquatic plants, aerenchyma is normally formed in different parts of the plant such as roots and stems which encloses large air spaces that are created through PCD.
(vii) In the development of unisexual flowers, male and female flowers are present in earlier stages, but only one of these two completes its development while other aborts through PCD.