1. Marginal (i) It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. (ii) Eg: Fabaceae.	4. Axile (i) The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. (ii) Eg: Hibiscus, tomato lemon
2. Superficial (i) Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. (ii) Eg: Nymphaeaceae	5. Parietal (i) It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound Ovary. (ii) Eg: Mustard, Argemone, cucumber.
3. Free-central (i) It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa. (ii) Eg: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose	6. Basal (i) It is the placenta at the base of the ovary. (ii) Eg: Sunflower(Asteraceae) Marigold

1) Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity.
2) Example: Heterophylly in cotton and coriander. In such plants, the leaves of the juvenile plant are different in shape from those in mature plants.
3) On the other hand, the difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and those produced in water in buttercup also represent the heterophyllous development due to the environment. This phenomenon ofheterophylly is an example of plasticity.

(i) The log A will last longer for the merchant.
(ii) In any tree the outer part of the wood is pale in colour, is called Sap Wood, while the centre part is darker called Heart Wood.
(iii) Due to the presence of tyloses and their contents, the heartwood becomes coloured, dead and the hardest part of the wood.
(iv) The heartwood is more durable and more resistant to the attack of microorganisms and insects.

S.No.	Aggregate fruit	Multiple fruit
1	Aggregate fruits develop from a single fl ower having an apocarpous pistil. each of the free carpel develops into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Aggregate fruit. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry	A Multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole infl orescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne
2	Eg: Polyalthia	Eg: Pineapple

S.no Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1 It is unicellular It is unicellular and Multicellular 2 Many prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome Eukaryotes contain multiple linear chromosomes 3 Prokaryotic chromosomes are condensed in the nucleoid via DNA super coiling Eukaryotic chromosomes are condensed in membrane bound nucleus via histones 4 In prokaryotes transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm In eukaryotes transcription occurs in nucleus and translation occurs in cytoplasm 5 Most prokaryotes contain only one copy of each gene that is they are haploid Most eukaryotes contain two copies of each gene that is they are diploid 6 Extra chromosomal DNA (i.e.) plasmids are present Eg: Bacteria Plasmids are absent. Eg: Plant cell, Animal cell

(i) Some cells exit G₁ and enters a quiescent stage called G₀, where the cell remains metabolically active without proliferation.
(ii) Cells can exist for long periods in G₀ phase. In G₀ cells cease growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis.
(iii) The G₀ phase is not permanent. Mature neuron and skeletal muscle cell remain permanently in G₀.
(iv) Many cells in animals remains in G₀ unless called on to proliferate by appropriate growth factors or other extracellular signals. G₀ cells are not dormant.

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis:

S.No	Mitosis	Meiosis
1.	One division	Two divisions
2.	Number of Chromosomes remains the same	Number of Chromosomes is halved
3.	Homologous Chromosomes line up separately on the metaphase plate	Homologous Chromosomes line up in pairs at the metaphase plate
4.	Homologous Chromosome do not pair up	Homologous Chromosome pair up to form bivalent
5.	Chiasmata do not form and crossing over never occurs	Chiasmata form and crossing over occurs
6.	Daughter cells are genetically identical	Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent  cells
7.	Two daughter cells are formed	Four daughter cells are formed

Yes, the shape of chloroplast is unique for algae.

S.No	Shapes	Examples
1	Cup shaped	Chlamydomonas
2	Discoid	Chara
3	Girdle shaped	Ulothrix
4	Reticulate	Oedogonium
5	Spiral	Spirogyra
6	Stellate	Zygnema
7	Plate like	Mougeotia/td>

(i) C₄ cycle/Di - carboxylic acid pathway/ Di - carboxylation pathway is an adaptive mechanism.
(ii) It takes place in two phases. First phase takes place in stroma of mesophyll cells, where the CO₂ acceptor molecule 3-Carbon compound, phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to form 4-carbon oxalo acetic acid (OAA). The first product is a 4-carbon and so it is named as C₄ cycle. Oxalo acetic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and hence this cycle is also known as dicarboxylic acid pathway.
(iii) Carbondioxide fixation takes place in two places one in mesophyll and another in bundle sheath cell.
(iv) C₄ plants requires 5 ATP and 2NADPH + H⁺ to fix one molecule of CO₂.

Stage: I Mesophyll Cells

(i) Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is converted into malic acid or aspartic acid and is transported to the bundle sheath cells through plasmodesmata.
Stage: II Bundle Sheath Cells
(i) Malic acid undergoes decarboxylation and produces a 3 carbon compound Pyruvic acid and CO₂.
(ii) The released CO₂ combines with RUBP and follows the calvin cycle and finally sugar is released to the phloem.
(iii) Pyruvic acid is transported to the mesophyll cells.

Plants which are growing in nitrogen deficient areas develop insectivorous habit to resolve nitrogen deficiency.
a. Nepenthes (Pitcher plant): Pitcher is a modified leaf and contains digestive enzymes. Rim of the pitcher is provided with nectar glands and acts as an attractive lid. When insect is trapped, proteolytic enzymes will digest the insect.
b. Drosera (Sundew): It consists of long club shaped leaves with tentacles which secrete sticky digestive fluid which looks like a sundew and attracts insects.
c. Utricularia (Bladder wort): Submerged plant in which leaf is modified into a bladder to collect insect in water.
d. Dionaea (Venus fly trap): Leaf of this plant modified into a colourful trap. Two folds of lamina consist of sensitive trigger hairs and when insects touch the hairs it will close and traps the insects.

(i) R.H.Whittaker, an American taxonomist proposed five kingdom classification in the year 1969.
(ii) The Kingdoms include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
(iii) The criteria adopted for the classification include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship. The merits and demerits are as follows:
Merits:
(i) The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of thallus.
(ii) It is based on the mode of nutrition.
(iii) Separation of fungi from plants.
(iv) It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits:
(i) The kingdom Monera and Protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more heterogeneous.
(ii) Viruses were not included in the system.
 

Role of Botanical Garden: 
Botanical Gardens play the following important roles.
1. Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.
2. It can integrate information of diverse fields like Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Physiology and Ecology.
3. Act as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
4. It offers annual list of available species and a free exchange of seeds.
5. Botanical garden gives information about method of propagation, sale of plant material to the general public.

(i) Phosphorylation - Hexokinase, Phospho fructokinase and glyceraldehyde - 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
(ii) De-Phosphorylation - Phospho glycerate Kinase and Pyruvate Kinase

This is due to the immobile nature of minerals, Eg: Calcium.

(i) Yes. Nitrogen cannot be directly absorbed by plants but they are essential for normal growth and functioning of a plant. Hence they are fixed by bacteria and some fungi.
(ii) It can be utilised only in the form of nitrates (NO₃^-) and nitrites (NO₂^-).