Holding Companies :
As per Section 2(87) "subsidiary company" or "subsidiary", in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding company 
1. Controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
2. Exercises or controls more than onehalf of the total share capital either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:
Provided that such class or classes of holding companies as may be prescribed shall not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed.
Subsidiary Company:
"Subsidiary company" or "Subsidiary" in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding
company.
1. controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
2. exercises or controls more than one-half of the total share capital either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:
Examples: H Ltd., holds more than 50% of the equity share capital of S Ltd. Now H Ltd., is the holding company of S Ltd. , and S Ltd., is the  subsidiary of H Ltd.

A Multi National Company (MNC) is a huge industrial organisation which:
(i) Operates in more than one country
(ii) Carries out production, marketing and research activities on international Scale in those countries.
(iii) Seeks to maximise profits world over.
Examples: Microsoft Corporation, Nokia Corporation, Nestle, Coca-Cola International Business Machine, Pepsico, Sony Corporation.

Meaning of Prospectus:
According to Section 2(36) of the Companies Act, any document inviting the public to buy its shares or debentures comes under the definition of prospectus. It also applies to advertisements inviting deposits from the public.
Contents of Prospectus:
A prospectus is "the only window through which a prospective investor can look into the soundness of a company's venture". Hence it must specify at least the following matters as per Schedule II:
1. The prospectus contains the main objectives of the company, the name and addresses of the signatories of the Memorandum of Association and the number of shares held by them.
2. The name, addresses and occupation of directors and managing directors.
3. The number and classes of shares and debentures issued.
4. The qualification share of directors and the interest of directors for the promotion of company.
5. The number, description and the document of shares or debentures which within the two preceding years have been agreed to be issued other than cash.
6. The name and addresses of the vendors of any property acquired by the company and the amount paid or to be paid.
7. Particulars about the directors, secretaries and the treasurers and their remuneration.
8. The amount for the minimum subscription.
9. If the company carrying on business, the length of time of such businesses.
10. The estimated amount of preliminary expenses.
11. Name and address of the auditors, bankers and solicitors of the company.
12. Time and place where copies of balance sheets, profits and loss account and the auditor's report may be inspected.
13. The auditor's report so submitted must deal with the profit and loss of the company for each year of five financial years immediately preceding the issue of prospectus.
14. If any profit or reserve has been capitalized, the particulars of such capitalization will be stated in the prospectus.

1. Amount of shares, capital, value and type of shares
2. Rights of each class of shareholders regarding voting, dividend, return of capital
3. Rules regarding issue of shares and debentures
4. Procedures as well as regulations in respect of making calls on shares
5. Manner of transfer of shares
6. Declaration of dividends
7. Borrowing powers of the company
8. Rules regarding the appointment, remuneration, removal of directors
9. Procedure for conducting proxy, quorum, meetings etc.,
10. Procedures concerning keeping of books and audits
11. Seal of the company
12. Procedures regarding the winding up of the company.

Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause:
i. The name clause requires to state the legal and recognized name of the company.
ii. The company name is allowed to be registered if it does not bear any similarities with the name of an existing company, companies only.
Situation Clause:
i. The registered office clause requires to show the physical location of the registered office of the company.
ii. It is required to keep all the company registers in this office.
iii. The registered office should be established prior to commencing business activities.
Objective Clause:
i. The objective clause requires to summarize the main objectives for establishing the company with reference to the requirements for shareholding and use of financial resources.
ii. It is required to state the ancillary objectives; that is, those objectives that are required to facilitate the achievement of the main objectives.
iii. The objectives should be free of any provisions or declarations that contravene laws or public good.
Liability Clause:
i. The liability cláuse requires to state the extent to which shareholders of the company are liable to the debt obligations of the company in the event of the company dissolving.
ii. There are companies limited by shares and limited by guarantee.
Capital Clause:
i. The capital clause requires to state the company's authorized share capital, the different categories of shares and the nominal value (the minimum value per share) of the shares.
ii. It is also required to list the company's assets under this clause.
Association Clause:
i. The association clause confirms that shareholders bound by the MOA are willingly associating and forming a company.
ii. It requires seven members to sign an MOA for a public company and not less than two people for a MOA of a private company.
iii. The signing must be done in the presence of witness who must also append his signature.