Balanced sex ratio implies improvement in quality of life of female population. The sex ratio in Tamil Nadu is nearing balance with 995 which is far better compared to most of the States and all India level. Tamil Nadu stands third next only to Kerala state and Puduchery Union Territory in sex ratio.

The density of population which measures population per sq. km is 555 (2011) against 480 (2001). Tamil Nadu ranks 12th in density among the Indian State.

Basic rule of Integration :
(i) power rule \(\int { { x }^{ n } } dx=\frac { { x }^{ (n+1) } }{ n+1 } +c\)
(ii) \( \int { x.dx=x+c }\) where k is a constant.
(iii) \(\\ \int { a{ \quad x }^{ n } } dx=a\int { { x }^{ n } } dx\)

Rent: "The essence of the conception of rent is the conception of surplus earned by a particular part of a factor of production over and above the minimum earnings that is necessary to induce it to do work" - Joan Robinson.

(i) Short period market refers to that period in which supply can be increased or decreased to limited extent by varying the variable factors alone.
(ii) The short period supply curve is relatively elastic.

(i) When products and services are sold and bought at the world level, it is known as 'International market' (or) Global market.
(ii) Example: Petrol, Gold, Cars, etc

Exceptions to the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility :
(i) Hobbies (ii) Drunkards (iii) Misers (iv) Music (v) Poetry (vi) Readings.

Necessaries :
(i) Goods which are indispensable for the human beings to exist in the world are called "necessaries"
(ii) For example:- food, clothing and shelter.

Employment occurs only n a particular season supported by natural circumstances and the remaining period of a year the rural people are unemployed (or) partially employed. In seasons like ploughing, sowing, weeding and harvesting there is scarcity of labour and in the rest of the year there is unemployment

Rural areas are facing the problems relating to
i) People
ii) Agriculture
iii) Infrastructure
iv) Ecoomy
v) Society and culture

Total cost means the sum total of all payments made in the production. It is also called as Total cost of production. TC = TFC + TVC.

Marshall says "Capital consists of all kinds of wealth other than free gifts of nature, which yield income"
Bohm - Bawerk defines it as "a produced means of Production".

There has been a rapid growth of urban areas in India after Independence. Improved connectivity in transport and communication, education and health have speeded up the pace of urbanization.

India's Forest cover in 2007 is 69.09 million. hectare, which constitutes 21.02 percent, of the total geographical area. Of this, 8.35 million hectare is very dense forest, 31.90 million hectare is moderately dense forest and the rest 28.84 million hectare is open forest.

1. The time period does not change.
2. Techniques of production are fixed.
3. There is full employment in the economy.
4. Only two goods can be produced from the given resources.

The Motto is one Nation, One Market, One tax.

Liberalization refers to removal of relaxation of governmental restrictions in all stages in industry.

Marginal cost is defined as the addition made to the total cost by the production of one additional unity of output.

Land as a factor of production refers to all those natural resources or gifts of nature which are provided free to man It includes within itself several things such as land surface air, water, minerals, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, mountains climate and weather. Thus, "Land" includes all things that are not made by man.

(i) Local Market     
(ii) Regional Market
(iii) National Martket
(iv) International Market

(i) Good which scarce are called Economic goods but goods that are not scarce are called free goods.
(ii) Chair, Table, Tv, are the example for Economic goods.

(i) The transaction motive
(ii) The precautionary motive.
(iii) The speculative motive

(i) The subsistence theory of wages.
(ii) The standard of living theory of wages.
(iii) The wage fund theory of wages.
(iv) The residual claimant theory of wages.
(v) Marginal productivity theory of wages.