1. The Pandya rulers created a number of irrigation sources and they were named after the members of the royal family.
2. Some of them were Vasudeva Peraru, Virapandya Peraru, Srivallaba Peraru and Parakirama Pandya Peraru. The tanks were named Tiiumaleri, Maraneri, Kaliyaneri and Kadaneri.
3. On either side of the rivers Vaigai and Tamiraparni, canals leading to the tanks for irrigation were built.
4. The SendanMaran inscription of Vaigai river bed speaks of a sluice installed by him to distribute the water from the river.
5. Sri Maran Srivallabhan created a big tank, which is till now in use. Like Pallavas in northern districts, Pandyas introduced the irrigation technology in the southern districts of Tamil country.
6. In building the banks of the tanks, the ancient architect used the thread to maintain the level. Revetment of the inner side of the banks with stone slabs is one of the features of irrigation technique in Pandya country.

1. Arab chieftain by name Maliku-l-Islam Jamaluddin. This agency facilitated the availability -of horses to Pandya kings.
2. In the inscriptions, the traders are referred to as nikamattor, nanadesi, ticai-ayiratu-ainutruvar, ainutruvar, manikiramattar and patinen-vishyattar.
3. They founded the trade guilds in Kodumpalur and Periyakulam.
4. The goods traded were spices, pearls, precious stones, horses, elephants and birds.
5. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, horse trade was brisk. Marco Polo and Wassaff state that the kings invested in horses as there was a need of horses for ceremonial purposes and for fighting wars.
6. Those who were trading in horses were called kudirai-chetti. They were active in maritime trade also The busiest port town under the Pandyas was Kayalpattinam (now in Thoothukudi district) on the east coast.
7. Gold coins were in circulation as the trade was carried through the medium of gold. It was variously called kasu, palankasu, anradunarpalankasu, kanam, kalancu and pon.

1. Chola temples became the arena of social celebrations and functioned as social institutions. They became the hub of societal space in organising social, political, economic and cultural activities.
2. The prime temple officials were koyirramar, koyilkanakku (temple accountant), deva- kanmi (agent of god), srivaisnavar, cantesar (temple manager) and others.
3. They promoted the development of learning, dance, music, painting and drama. A play called Rajarajanatakam, based on the life of Rajaraja I, was performed in the Thanjavur temple.
4. The festivals of ChithiraiTiruvizha, Kartigai and Aippasivizha were celebrated. It is said that singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy.
5. Traditional dance items like kudak-kuthu and sakkaik-kuthu were portrayed in the form of sculptures and paintings in the temples in Kilapalivur, Tiruvorriyur.
6. Nirutya and kama poses are shown in sculptural forms in the Thanjavur big temple. Traditional Tamil musical instruments also were portrayed in this way.
7. Temples functioned as banks by advancing loans and by purchasing and receiving endowments and donations.
8. They also became educational centres as training was imparted in Vedas, music and the arts. Sculpture and metal work too were promoted. Temple accounts were audited and the auditor was called koyilkanakku.

Society:
1. In the predominantly agrarian society prevailing during the Chola period, landholding was the prime determinant of social status and hierarchy.
2. The Brahmin landholders called brahmadeya-kilavars at the top brahmadeya settlements with tax exemption were created, displacing (kudi neekki) the local peasants.
3. Temples were gifted land known as devadana, which were exempted from tax, as in brahmadeyams.
4. The landholders of vellanvagai villages were placed next in the social hierarchy.
5. landholders retained melvaram (major share in harvest), the ulukudi got kizh varam (lower share); Labourers (paniceymakkal) and slaves (adimaigal) stayed at the bottom of social hierarchy.
Religion:
Puranic Hinduism, represented by the worship of Siva, Vishnu and associated (deities, had become popular by the time of the Cholas.

Analyse:
1.Cholas undertook measures to improve the irrigation system that was in practice.
2. As the state was drawing most of its revenue from agriculture, the Cholas focused their efforts on managing water resources.
3. Vativaykkal, a criss-cross channel, is a traditional way of harnessing rain water in the Kavery delta.
4. Vati runs in the north-south direction while vaykkal runs in the east-west direction. Technically, vati is a drainage channel and a vaykkal is a supply channel.