• The Sri Vaikunda Swamigal's cult, which survives to this day, was organized in the 1830s.
• Born ina poor family (1809) at Sastankoil Vilai (now known as Swamithoppu), a village then in south Travancore (the present day Kanyakumari district), Muthukutti, spent his childhood in the village pial school, learning religious and moral texts:
• He also learnt the Bible and became well-versed in Christian theology.
• At the age of twenty two, Muthukutti, cured of a skin disease, after a holy bath in the sea during his visit to the Murugan temple at Tiruchendur (Thoothukudi district), claimed that Lord Vishnu had given him a rebirth as his son.
• On his return from Tiruchendur, assuming the new name of Sri Vaikundar, he practised austerities for two years. Soon his fame spread far and wide.

The Singh Sabha Movement was formed in 1873, with a two-fold objective
• to make available modem western education to the Sikhs
• to counter the proselytizing activities of Christian missionaries as well as Hindu revivalists
• A network of Khalsa Schools was established throughout Punjab

• The Ahmadiya movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed (1835-1908) in 1889 established a different trend.
• While emphasizing the return to the original principles enunciated in the Quran, Ghulam Ahmed became controversial when he claimed to be a Messiah, which was considered heretical by mainstream Islam.
• But he won many converts. His primary work was to defend Islam against the polemics of the Arya Samaj and the Christian missionaries.
• In social morals the Ahmadiya movement was conservative, adhering to polygamy,veiling of women, and the classical rules of divorce.

• The most famous among his disciples was a young graduate of the Calcutta University named Narendranath Dutta, afterward famously called Swami Vivekananda( 1863-1902).
• Emphasising practical work over philosophizing he established the modem institution of the Ramakrishna Mission.
• He carried Ramakrishna's message allover India and the world.
• His learning, eloquence, spiritual fervour and personality gathered round him a band of followers across the country, many of whom also joined the national movement.

• The National Social Conference organized at the initiative of M.G. Ranade met each year immediately after the Indian National Congress (1885) annual sessions.
• Justice Ranade was an erudite scholar with a keen intellect and under his able guidance, the Prarthana Samaj became the active center of a new social reformation in western India.
• He was one of the founders of the Widow Marriage Association and was an ardent promoter of the famous Deccan Education Society.
• Its object was to impart such education to the young as would fit them for the unselfish service of the country.
• When Ranade died in 1901, his leadership was taken over by Chandavarkar.