It is the ultimate method for correction of a acute renal failures. This involves transfer of healthy kidney from one person (donor) to another person with kidney failure.

The yellow colour of the urine is due to the presence of a pigment urochrome

Aquaporins are water-permeable channels III membrane of Nephron (membrane transport proteins) that allow water to move across the epithelial cells in relation to the osmotic difference from the lumen to the interstitial fluid

Urine formation involves three main processes namely, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acid is converted to, urea in the liver by the ornithine or urea cycle

Reptiles have reduced glomerulus or lack glomerulus and Henle's loop. Hence they produce very little hypotonic urine.

The Ammonotelic animals produce ammonia as nitrogenous waste product during excretion. Ammonia dissolves in water easily and hence this type of excretion is common in aquatic animals

(a) Urea
(b) Uric acid
(c) Ammonia
(d) Creatinine

Excessive stretch of cardiac atrial cells cause an increase in blood flow to the auricles of the heart and release ANF (Atrial natriuretic peptide or factor) which stimulates the increase Na⁺ excretion. Chemoreceptors like carotid bodies formed in the heart.

Aldosterone maintains renal blood flow to the kidneys. It is produced as medullary adrenal hormone in the adrenal gland of kidney.

Renin, aldosterone and ADH.

Venules, veins of renal vein comes out of hilum of kidneys.

Renal artery supplies (arterial) oxygenated blood and renal vein carries out deoxygenated blood (venous) from kidneys.