Question Set D

cbse 12th Standard Biology Human Health and Disease Important Questions And Answers Study Material - QB365

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Questions:

Multiple Choice Question

57 x 1 = 57

Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue ?

(a)

Spleen

(b)

Tonsils

(c)

Pancreas

(d)

Thymus

Antivenom against snake poison contains

(a)

antigens

(b)

antigen-antibody complexes

(c)

antibodies

(d)

enzymes

'Smack' is a drug obtained from the

(a)

latex of Papeversomniferum

(b)

leaves of Cannabis saliva

(c)

flowers of Datura

(d)

fruits of Erythroxyl coca.

AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which one is not a mode. of transmission of HIV?

(a)

Transfusion of contaminated blood.

(b)

Sharing the infected needles.

(c)

Shaking hands with infected persons

(d)

Sexual contact with infected persons.

Refer to the structure of a drug given below.

Select the correct option accordingly.

(a)

	Group of drug	Modes of consumption	Affected organs
(a)	Hllucinogens	Inhalation or oral ingestion	Cardiovascular system

(b)

	Group of drug	Modes of consumption	Affected organs
(a)	Cannabinoids	Injection	Nervous system

(c)

	Group of drug	Modes of consumption	Affected organs
(a)	Cannabinoids	Inhalation or oral ingestion	Cardiovascular system

(d)

	Group of drug	Modes of consumption	Affected organs
(a)	Opioids	Injection	Nervous system

Drug called 'heroin' issynthesised by

(a)

nitration of morphine

(b)

glycosylation of morphine

(c)

methylation of morphine

(d)

acetylation of morphine

Tetanus antitoxin (Tetanus toxoid) when injected into the human body it immediately provides:

(a)

innate immunity

(b)

passive immunity

(c)

auto immunity

(d)

active immunity

Select the pathogen mismatched with the symptoms of disease caused by it from the given below.

(a)

Entamoeba histolytica : Constipation, abdominal pain

(b)

Wuchereria bancrofti: Chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels of lower limb

(c)

Haemophilus influenzae: Blockage of the intestinal passage

Fever, delirium, slow pulse and abdominal tenderness indicate the disease

(a)

typhoid

(b)

measles

(c)

tetanus

(d)

chicken pox

10.

Match the organisms (Pathogens) in Column I with the diseases they cause in Column II.

Column I	Column II
A. Rhino virus	1. Ringworm
B. Plasmodium	2. Filariasis
C. Salmonella	3. Common cold
D. Trichophyton	4. Typhoid
E. Wuchereria	5. Malaria
	6.Amoebiasis.

(a)

A - 3, B - 5, C - 4, D - 1, E - 2

(b)

A - 5, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1, E - 2

(c)

A - 3, B - 5, C - 4, D -2, E - 1

(d)

A - 3, B - 5, C - 1, D - 4, E - 2

11.

In the immune system, interferons are a part of

(a)

physiological barriers

(b)

cellular barriers

(c)

physical barriers

(d)

cytokine barriers.

12.

Expand ELISA. Mention its applications.

13.

Immunoglobulins serving as mediators in allergic response are

(a)

IgE

(b)

IgD

(c)

IgM

(d)

IgA

14.

Hepatitis B virus is a

(a)

Hepadna

(b)

Variola virus

(c)

Retrovirus

(d)

Picornavirus

15.

'Athlete's foot' is caused by

(a)

Tinea pedis

(b)

Tinea capitis

(c)

Candida albicans

(d)

Rickettsia

16.

Identify the molecules (A) and (B) shown below and select the right option giving their source and use.

(a)

Molecule	Source	Use
A-Cocaine	Erythroxylum coca	Accelerates the transport of dopamine

(b)

Molecule	Source	Use
B-Heroin	Cannabis sativa	Depressant and slows down body functions

(c)

Molecule	Source	Use
B-Cannabinoid	Atropa belladonna	Produces hallucinations

(d)

Molecule	Source	Use
A-Morphine	Papaver somniferum	Sedative and pain killer

17.

Morphine, which is used as an analgesic, is obtained from

(a)

Chinchona officinalis

(b)

Papaver somniferum

(c)

Taxus brevifolia

(d)

Berberis nilghiriensis

(e)

Cupressus cashmeriana

18.

T-lymphocyte is produced in

(a)

Bone marrow

(b)

Spleen

(c)

Pancreas

(d)

Thymus

19.

This class of antibodies os made up of five immunoglobulin units

(a)

IgG

(b)

IgM

(c)

IgA

(d)

IgD

20.

Colostrum provides the infant with

(a)

Auto immunity

(b)

Passive immunity

(c)

Active immunity

(d)

Innate immunity

21.

Choose the wrong statement.

(a)

HIV virus has RNA as it genetic material

(b)

HIV virus replicates in TH lymphocytes

(c)

Antiretroviral drugs are only partially effective for AIDS treatment

(d)

HIV spreads be sexual contact or sharing needle with the infected person and not by mere touch or physical contact

(e)

The time-lag between the infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms may vary from few hours to a week.

22.

Cornea transplant in humans is almost never rejected. This is because

(a)

It is composed of enucleated cells

(b)

It is non-living layer

(c)

Its cells are least penetrable by bacteria

(d)

It has no blood supply

23.

Filariasis is caused by

(a)

Dead adult filariae

(b)

Microfilariae

(c)

Biting of filarial worm

(d)

Presence of bacteria in filarial wall

24.

Diacetylmorphine is commonly known as

(a)

Morphine

(b)

Cannabis

(c)

Heroin

(d)

Cocaine

(e)

Hashish

25.

Pathogenicity of bacteria causing tuberculosis and leprosy is due to

(a)

Cholesterol

(b)

Ergosterol

(c)

Prostaglandins

(d)

Glycerol

(e)

Wax-D

26.

Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified?

(a)

Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions

(b)

Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria

(c)

Hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations

(d)

Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations

27.

To which type of barriers under innate immunity, do the saliva in the mouth and the tears from the eyes, blong?

(a)

Physiological barriers

(b)

Physical barriers

(c)

Cytokine barriers

(d)

Cellular barriers

28.

Match the disease in column I with the appropriate items (pathogen/prevention/treatment) in column II.

Column I	Column II
A. Amoebiasis	(i). Treponema pallidum
B. Diptheria	(ii). Use only sterilized food and water
C. Cholera	(iii). DPT vaccine
D. Syphilis	(iv) Use oral rehydration therapy

(a)

A - (i), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)

(b)

A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)

(c)

A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)

(d)

A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii)

29.

Carriers of Entamoeba histolytica are

(a)

Mosquito of genus anopheles

(b)

cattle

(c)

Musca domestica (housefly)

(d)

Health human host

30.

Interferons are

(a)

Anti-bacterial protein

(b)

Anti-viral protein

(c)

Complex protein

(d)

Anti-clotting protein

31.

Which of the following malarial parasites has the longest inculation period?

(a)

Plasmodium vivax

(b)

Plasmodium falciparum

(c)

Plasmodium ovale

(d)

Plasmodium malariae

32.

In the cycle of Plasmodium, exflagellation occurs in

(a)

Sporozoites

(b)

Microgametes

(c)

macrogametes

(d)

Signet ring

33.

The term vaccine and vaccination were coined by

(a)

Mendel

(b)

Robert Hooke

(c)

Pasteur

(d)

Robert Brown

34.

If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?

(a)

Serum globulins

(b)

Fibrinogen in the plasma

(c)

Haemocytes

(d)

Serum albumins

35.

Morphine obtained from Opium is

(a)

Latex

(b)

Pome

(c)

Alkaloid

(d)

Tannin

36.

In malaria, the product released by mosquito into blood that causes chill and fever is called

(a)

Haematin

(b)

Schuffner's dots

(c)

Haemozoin

(d)

Haemotoxin

37.

HIV that cause AIDS, first starts destroying

(a)

Helper T-lymphocytes

(b)

B-lymphocytes

(c)

leucocytes

(d)

Thrombocytes

38.

The disease elephantiasis is due to

(a)

Ascaris

(b)

Wuchereria

(c)

Entamoeba

(d)

Plasmodium

39.

Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between

(a)

Two light chains

(b)

Two heavy chains

(c)

One heavy and one light chain

(d)

Either between two light chains or between one heavy and one light chain depending upon the nature of antigen

40.

'AIDS' is due to

(a)

Destruction of killer T-cells

(b)

Destruction of helper T-cells

(c)

Lack of Interferons

(d)

Autoimmunity

41.

Which one of the following is a matching pair of a drug and its category?

(a)

Amphetamines-Stimulant

(b)

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Narcotic

(c)

Heroin-psychotropic

(d)

Benzodiazepam-pain killer

42.

Caffeine is a stimulant present in

(a)

Coffee

(b)

Tea

(c)

Cold drinks

(d)

All of the these

43.

Marijuana and charas are

(a)

Stimulant

(b)

Hallucinogens

(c)

Depressant

(d)

Sedative

44.

Which part of the brain is involved in loss of control when a person drinks alcohol?

(a)

Cerebellum

(b)

Medulla oblongata

(c)

Cerebrum

(d)

Pons varoli

(e)

Thalamus

45.

Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised as

(a)

Active immunity

(b)

Passive immunity

(c)

Cellular immunity

(d)

Innate non-specific immunity

46.

A person is injected with gamma-globulin against hepatitis. This is

(a)

Artificially acquired active immunity

(b)

Artificially acquired passive immunity

(c)

Naturally acquired active immunity

(d)

Naturally acquired passive immunity

47.

HIV mainly infects

(a)

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

(b)

Helper lymphocytes

(c)

Cell-mediated T-lymphocytes

(d)

Killer lymphocytes

48.

T-lymphocytes first mature in

(a)

Thymus

(b)

Pancreas

(c)

Liver

(d)

Spleen

49.

Which of the following is involved in defence mechanism of the body?

(a)

Lymphocytes

(b)

Neutrophils

(c)

Macrophages

(d)

All of these

50.

Formation of alcohol by yeast is

(a)

Anaerobic process

(b)

Extracellular process

(c)

Microbial process

(d)

All of the above

51.

THC is associated with

(a)

Papaver

(b)

Cannabis

(c)

Erythroxylon

(d)

Theobroma

52.

Opiates (opium, heroin) are obtained from

(a)

Papaver sominiferum

(b)

Cannabis sativa

(c)

Theobroma

(d)

Thea chinensis

53.

Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

(a)

Antibodies

(b)

Interferons

(c)

Complement proteins

(d)

Phagocytes

54.

Marijuana is extracted from

(a)

Dried leaves and flowers of hemp plant

(b)

Ergot fungus

(c)

Roots of hemp plant

(d)

Cocoa plant

55.

HIV attacks which of the following?

(a)

B cells

(b)

T cells

(c)

Antigen presenting cells

(d)

T helper cells

56.

Immunodeficiency can result from which of the following?

(a)

Gene mutation

(b)

Infection

(c)

Malnutrition

(d)

All of the above

57.

Which of the following properties of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination?

(a)

Specificity

(b)

Diversity

(c)

Memory

(d)

Discrimination between self and non self.

Assertion and reason

30 x 1 = 30

58.

Assertion (A) : Immunisation is achieved by the successful delivery of vaccines.
Reason (R) : Vaccine is a preparation of one or more microbial agents, used to induce active immunity.
Codes:
a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c)(A) is true but (R) is false
d)Both (A) and (R) arc false

59.

Assertion (A) : Proto-oncogenes are cellular genes required for normal growth.odofe
Reason (R) : Under normal conditions they could lead to the oncogenic transformation of the cell.
Codes:
a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c)(A) is true but (R) is false
d)Both (A) and (R) arc false

60.

Assertion (A) : Innate immunity is non-specific defence.
Reason (R): Itconsists of four types of barriers.
Codes:
a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c)(A) is true but (R) is false
d)Both (A) and (R) arc false

61.

Assertion (A) : B-cells work chiefly by secreting substances called antibodies into the body fluids.
Reason (R) : Antibodies ambush foreign antigen circulating in the blood stream.
Codes:
a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c)(A) is true but (R) is false
d)Both (A) and (R) arc false

62.

Assertion (A) :Streptococcus pncumoniac and Haemophilus influenzac are responsible for causing infectious diseases in human beings.
Reason (R) :A healthy.person acquires the infection by inhailing the droplets/aerosols relcased by an infected person
Codes:
a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c)(A) is true but (R) is false
d)Both (A) and (R) arc false

63.

Assertion: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for causing infectious diseases in human beings.
Reason: A healthy person acquires the infection by inhailing the droplets/aerosols released by an infected person.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

64.

Assertion : T-lymphocytes mediate CMI response.
Reason : The above response makes it easy to transplant organs.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

65.

Assertion : An antibody is represented by H₂L₂.
Reason : Each antibody is made of four peptide chains.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

66.

Assertion : Severe Acute Respiratory syndromes is common in China.
Reason : China is the most populated country of the world.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

67.

Assertion : Stool test is done to detect giardiasis.
Reason : Giardia is enteric flagellate protozoan.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

68.

Assertion : Rabies is an infection of mammals, it involves central nervous system which may result in paralysis and finally death.
Reason : This is caused by neurotropic bacteria in saliva of rabies animal.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

69.

Assertion (A) AIDS is a syndrome caused by HIV.
Reason (R) HIV is a virus that damages the immune system with DNA as its genetic material.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A),
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true

70.

Assertion (A) Dope test is used to estimate the level of alcohol by analysing the breath of alcohol drinking perso.
Reason (R) Athletes undergo dope test before major tournaments or a match.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

71.

Assertion (A) Histamine is related to allergic and inflammatory reactions.
Reason (R) Histamine is a vasodilator.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

72.

Assertion (A) Mast cells in the humans release excessive amount of chemicals like histamine, which cause allergy.
Reason (R) Allergens in the environmnent on reaching human body stimulate mast cells.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

73.

Assertion (A) Filarial worms is transmitted to human by Culex mosquito.
Reason (R) Culex prefers to breed in freshwater.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

74.

Assertion: Cornea is considered as an immunologically privileged site.
Reason: A transplanted cornea is rarely rejected.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

75.

Assertion : Smoking causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
Reason: Carbon monoxide when inhaled while smoking, combines with haemoglobin to form chemically stable compound.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

76.

Assertion: It is considered advantageous to give the polio vaccine orally.
Reason: The oral polio vaccine prevents reinfection by causing intestinal immunity.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

77.

Assertion: Smack is a by-product of heroin synthesis.
Reason: Heroin is an opium alkaloid.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

78.

Assertion : Brown sugar is morphine-derivative.
Reason: Morphine is the principal opium alkaloid.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

79.

Assertion: Cancer patients are given chemotherapeutic treatments.
Reason: Chemotherapeutic agents are used to destroy malignant cells.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

80.

Assertion: Allergy is an immunity disorder.
Reason: Allergy is confined to a person only.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false

81.

Assertion: Passive immunity is of short life span.
Reason: Passive immunization is promptly available.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

82.

Assertion: Immunity means all capacity of human body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs.
Reason: Spleen is the only organ involved in immunity.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

83.

Assertion: Dendritic cells originate in the bone marrow.
Reason: Dendritic cells are found in neuron.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

84.

Assertion: Spleen can be thought of as an immunologic conference centre.
Reason: Spleen helps only in digestion.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

85.

Assertion: Immunoglobulin functions as antibody.
Reason: Different immunoglobulins molecules have different antigen binding properties.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

86.

Assertion : Some diseases that attack in childhood do not attack again.
Reason: Memory cells plays an important role.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

87.

Assertion : Skin forms the first line of defence.
Reason: It is a non-specific defence.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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Answers Key:

Multiple Choice Question

57 x 1 = 57

(a)
latex of Papeversomniferum

(c)

Group of drug Modes of consumption Affected organs

(a) Cannabinoids Inhalation or oral ingestion Cardiovascular system

(d)
acetylation of morphine

(b)
passive immunity

(a)
typhoid

10.

(a)
A - 3, B - 5, C - 4, D - 1, E - 2

11.

(d)
cytokine barriers.

12.

(a)
ELISA is Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. It is used to diagnose diseases like AIDS.

13.

(a)
IgE

14.

(a)
Hepadna

15.

(a)
Tinea pedis

16.

(d)

Molecule Source Use

A-Morphine Papaver somniferum Sedative and pain killer

17.

(b)
Papaver somniferum

18.

(a)
Bone marrow

19.

(b)
IgM

20.

(b)
Passive immunity

21.

(e)
The time-lag between the infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms may vary from few hours to a week.

22.

(d)
It has no blood supply

23.

(b)
Microfilariae

24.

25.

(e)
Wax-D

26.

27.

(a)
Physiological barriers

28.

(b)
A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)

29.

(d)
Health human host

30.

(b)
Anti-viral protein

31.

(d)
Plasmodium malariae

32.

(b)
Microgametes

33.

34.

(a)
Serum globulins

35.

36.

37.

(a)
Helper T-lymphocytes

38.

(b)
Wuchereria

39.

40.

(b)
Destruction of helper T-cells

41.

(a)
Amphetamines-Stimulant

42.

(d)
All of the these

43.

(b)
Hallucinogens

44.

45.

(b)
Passive immunity

46.

(b)
Artificially acquired passive immunity

47.

(b)
Helper lymphocytes

48.

(a)
Thymus

49.

(b)
Neutrophils

50.

(d)
All of the above

51.

(b)
Cannabis

52.

(a)
Papaver sominiferum

53.

(a)
Antibodies

54.

(a)
Dried leaves and flowers of hemp plant

55.

(d)
T helper cells

56.

(d)
All of the above

57.

Assertion and reason

30 x 1 = 30

58.

a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

59.

c)(A) is true but (R) is false

60.

b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

61.

a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

62.

b)Both (A) and (R) are truceand (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

63.

(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:

A healthy person acquires the infection by inhaling the droplets/aerosols released by an infected person or even by sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person.

64.

(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Explantion:
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic Tlymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. The immune response to a transplanted organ consists of both cellular(lymphocyte mediated) and humoral (antibody mediated) mechanisms. Although other cell types are also involved, the T cells are central in the rejection of grafts.

65.

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). The Ig monomer is a “Y”-shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds.

66.

(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:
On November 16, 2002, an outbreak of what is believed to be severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), began in the Guangdong province of China, which borders on Hong Kong. China is the most populated country in the World.

67.

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:
If a giardia infection is present, the parasite or its cysts can be seen when the stoolis looked at under a microscope. If giardiasis is suspected, an antigen test may be done on the stool or a sample of the fluid from the small intestine (duodenal contents). Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Sarcomastigophora that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis.

68.

(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Explantion:
Rabies (hydrophobia) is caused by rabies virus. Its vectors are raboid animals especially dogs. It leads to encephalitis, fear of water (hydrophobia), high fever, severe headache, spasm of throat & chest, leading to death.

69.

(c) A is true, but R is false. R can be corrected as HIV is a virus that damages the immune system in human with ssRNA as its genetic material.

70.

(d) If A is false, but R is true

71.

(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

72.

(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

73.

74.

(a): Some transplanted tissues do not stimulate an immune response. For example, a transplanted cornea is rarely rejected because lymphocytes do not circulate into the anterior chamber of the eye, thats why this site is considered as immunologically privileged site.

75.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

76.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

77.

(c): Heroin is diamorphine or diacetylmorphine - C₁₇H₁₇ (OC₂H₃O)2NH, which is also called smack. Opium is semisynthetic opiate (opium-derivative) which is most dangerous of all the opiates. Heroin is formed from acetylation of morphine.

78.

(b): Morphine is a derivative of the opium: It is the principal opium alkaloid and a strong analgesic. Diacetyl morphine hydrochloride is brown sugar/ smack and is more powerful analgesic than morphine

79.

(a) : Chemotherapeutic agents inhibit/kill invading parasite/malignant cell and have no/ minimal pharmacodynamic effects on the recipient. Pharmacodynamic agents affect our body's physiology and biochemistry.
Chemotherapeutic drugs may be more toxic to cancerous cells than to normal cells.

80.

(b): Allergy is non-infectiousunusual reaction or hypersensitivity of an individual to a foreign substance or agent that may be harmless to other individuals (thus it is considered as immunity disorder). It is non-communicable as it is confined to a person only and does not spread from one person to another. The foreign substance or allergen on first contact functions as mild antigen. It produces antibodies which remain attached with the mast cell. Lysis of mast -cells occur which releases histamine as allergy mediator

81.

(b) : Passive immunity is resistance based on antibodies preformed in another host. Administration of antibody against diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, etc. makes large amounts of antitoxin immediately available to neutralize the toxins. Likewise, preformed antibodies to certain viruses can be injected during the incubation period to limit viral multiplication. The main advantage of passive immunity is the prompt availability of large amounts of antibody (as it is formed from another host), disadvantages are the short life span of these antibodies and possible hypersensitivity reactions of globulin from another species are used.

82.

(c): The principal parts of the immune system are the bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic system, tonsils, and spleen. The lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen act to tral? and destroy antigens from the lymph, air, and blood, respectively.

83.

(c) : Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part of the immune system. They are present in those tissues which are in contact with the environment; in the skin (where they are often called Langerhans cells) and the lining of nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They have lortg spiky arms, called dendrites, hence the name. (Neurons also have dendrites, but dendritic cells have nothing to do with neurons).

84.

(c): The spleen is an immunologic filter of blood. It is made up of B-cells, T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and red-blood cells. In addition to capturing foreign materials (antigens) from the blood that passes through the spleen, migratory macrophages and dendritic 'cells bring antigens to the spleen via blood stream. An immune response is initiated when the macrophages or dendritic cells present the antigen to the appropriate B or T-cells. This organ can be thought of as an immunological conference centre. In the spleen, B-cells become activated and produce large amounts of antibody.

85.

(b) : Immunoglobulins are a complex heterogeneous mixture of proteins that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen. It generally assume one of two roles - (i) plasma membrane bound antigen receptors on the surface of B cell, or (ii) as antibodies free in cellular fluids functioning to intercept and eliminate antigenic determinants. It exhibit two fundamental types of structural variation. Subtle structural differences in their antigen combining sites, or variable regions, account for their unique antigen binding specificities. Structural differences outside their antigen combining sites, in the socalled constant regions, correlate with the different effector functions mediated by antibodies, such as complement activation or binding to one or more of the antibody Fc receptors expressed on monocytes and granulocytes. The variable and constant regions of antibodies arise from distinct structural domains. Each antibody class is distinguished by certain effector functions and structural features including a unique heavy (H) chain isotype, designated \(\alpha\)(lgA), δ(lgD), ε (lgE), γ (lgG), or μ (lgM).

86.

(a) : This can be explained in terms of memory cells. After the infection disappears as a result of antigen-antibody interaction and killer T-cell-nonself cell interaction, some of the specific lymphocytes remain in lymphatic tissue as "memory or primed cells" which are ready to produce the antibodies and killer cells if the same antigens reappear. That is why the second attack of the infectious disease elicits quick and abundant antibody formation. The memory cells can give rise to more effector cells and memory cells in case of a second attack of antigens. Whereas the effector cells have a life of a few days only, and the memory cells live long, some even for whole life. The memory cells are stored in the spleen and lymph nodes.

87.

(b): Skin acts as the first line of defence because it provides a protective covering to the body against the entry of microorganisms. Its action is not specific to a particular organism. Skin forms the first-line of defence because -
(i) It forms the hard, keratinized outer layer of the body and form effective barrier for most bacteria and viruses.
(ii) The secretion of oil and sweat glands make the surface pH acidic which does not let microorganisms to survive for long.
(iii) The salts and fatty acids present in perspiration contain lysosomes that destroy the bacterial cell wall.
(iv) It contains friendly bacteria, also release acids and other metabolic wastes which also inhibit the multiplication of organisms.