Amniocentesis is a technique of foetal sex determination based on the pattern of chromosome, in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. A statutory ban has been imposed on this to stop its misuse and therefore to check the increasing cases of female foeticides resulting in the imbalance of sex ratio in human population. It is so called because it is basically a technique of investigating the genetic and metabolic disorders if any of the foetus by taking out a small quantity of amniotic fluid.

1. Methanogens grow anaerobically on celluloric material and produce large amount of methane along with carbon dioxide an hydrogen.
2. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

(i) Microinjection
(ii) Biolistics/ gene gun
(iii) Heat-Shock method
(iv) Using  disarmed pathogen vectors.

Ganja is obtained from the leaves,flower tops and the resin of the plant Cannabis sativa.

They interact with the cannabinoid receptors present in the brain and affect the cardiovascular system of the body.

In general, the hybrid characters segregate in every generation and are not maintained.
The production of hybrid seed is costly and is too expensive for the farmers.
If the hybrids are made into apomicts, there will be no segregation of characters and seeds can be collected from the plants generation after generation and used for raising the new plants.

(i) Eat healthy food: There are strong links between what we eat and how we feel. A healthy diet is one that has enough essential nutrients, and provides the right amount of calories to maintain a healthy weight.
(ii) Play games and sports: It helps to concentrate, sleep, look, and feel better. Enjoying through games helps in beating stress also.
(iii) Get enough sleep: Every day our body needs time to rest and heal. Sleeping for about eight hours is a must for all, especially for children.
(iv) Do not consume tobacco products or alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol result in illness in proportion to their consumption.
(v) Personal Hygiene
(vi) Proper disposal of waste.

(a) Organic farmers prefer biological control to chemical because:
(i) The chemical methods kill both useful and harmful organism.
(ii) The chemical are extremely harmful to humans and other animals.
(iii) They also pollute the soil and ground water.
(iv) He also believes that eradication of pests is impossible and also it is undesirable because the useful organisms may be dependent on the pests for their food or as host.
(b) Bacterium : Bacillus thuringiensis
Fungus :Trichoderma
Insect : Ladybird beetles feeding on aphids. (or) Dragonflies controlling mosquitoes.

Bt cotton plants are the transgenic plants that express a Bacillus thuringiensis gene called cry gene. This gene, encodes for protein crystals having insecticidal properties against insects of group Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Inside the bacterium, these proteins remain inactive and do not harm the bacteria. However, these inactive crystals can get activated in the alkaline pH of the gut of insects upon ingestion.
After activation, these crystals can bind to the receptors present on the membranes of gut epithelial cells. Due to this binding, the membrane swells and pores are created on them. These pores lead to bursting of cell. Hence, soon the lepidopteran dies due to starvation.

Yes, if a pregnant woman has high blood pressure, the woman develops preeclampsia, which can threaten the lives of both the mother and the foetus.It can cause low birth weight and early delivery of  foetus,sometimes the child,born very early also may die.
High blood pressure can harm the mother's kidneys and other organs and also lower the number of platelets.

(a) \({ tet }^{ R },{ amp }^{ R }\)
(b) galactosidase marker differentiates the recombinants from the nonrecombinants based on their ability to produce colour in the presence of a chromogenic substrate.
When a recombinant or an alien DNA is inserted into the coding sequence of the enzyme, there occurs insertional inactivation of the enzyme.
Consequently, a blue colour develops with the chromogenic substrate. when the bacterial colonies do not have an insert (non-recombinants), while no colour develops in the colonies with an insert (recombinants).
Selection of recombinants due to inactivation of antibiotic-resistance is cumbersome because it involves simultaneous pla~ing of two plates having different antibiotics (tetracycline and ampicillin).

(i)Pregnancy
(ii)Delivery
(iii)STDs
(iv)Abortions
(v)Contraception
(vi)Menstrual problems
(vii)Infertility

Vallisneria is pollinated by water.
Water lily is pollinated by insects.
In Vallisneria, the male flowers (later pollen grains) are released on the surface of water and keep floating.
The female flowers reach the surface of water by uncoiling of the long stalk
When the passively carried male flowers/pollen grains meet the female flowers, pollination is effected.
The stalk of the female flower coils and the flower is drawn inside the water column.

(i) Clones are identical copies of an organism produced by biotechnological methods.
(ii) In plants, clones are produced by clonal propagation using tissue culture technique.
(iii) Shilpi was curious to enhance her knowledge about biotechnological techniques.

Cancer-Diagnosis:
Cancer can be diagnosed/detected by:
(i) Biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue.
(ii) Blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts as in leukaemia.
(iii) Use of techniques like radiography,Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for cancer of internal organs.
(iv) Use of antibodies against cancer specific antigens.
(v) Applying principles of molecular biology to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain types of cancer.

(i) 'A' represent chasmogamous flowers.
(ii) These are open flowers with exposed sex organs.
(iii) A (chasmogamous flowers) promote both cross pollination and self-pollination whereas B (cleistogamous flowers) promote self pollination only.
(iv) A-Catharanthus, B-Oxalis
(v) Common pansy, (Viola) is categorised under cleistogamous flowers.

(i) (d)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a) : Mouse has short gestation period and it produces several number of offspring per pregnancy.
(iv) (d)
(v) (a)

(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
Explanation: If both Assertion and Reason are false.
A person is reproductively healthy if he/ she is capable of producing off springs.

(a): Bacteriophage vector have two advantages over plasmid vectors.
(i) They are more efficient than plasmids for the cloning of large DNA fragments. For example, the largest cloned insert in lambda phage is 24kb while for plasmid vector it is less than 15 kb.
(ii) It is easier to screen a large number of phage plaques than bacterial colonies for identification of recombinant vectors.