Capital structure can be defined as the mix between the owners' funds and borrowed funds.
\(\text { Capital structure }=\frac{\text { Debt }}{\text { Equity }}\)

(i) In the first case, coordination is used in the planning process while setting a sales target.
(ii) In the second case, coordination is used in organising the activities of an organisation.

Standardisation of work is the technique of scientific management, which helps in establishing interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
It is the process of setting standards for every business activity, process, raw materials, time, machinery and methods to achieve efficiency.
Standardisation of product implies that the size, design, quality, shape, etc of the product should meet the requirements and tastes of consumers.
The objective of standardisation are:
(i) To maintain quality standards.
(ii) To set up performance standards for men and machines.
(iii) To provide interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
(iv) To achieve target production in pre-determined time.

Lower level of management: Main function of the lower level management are as follows:
(i) Plans and executes day-to-day operations.
(ii) Supervises and controls the workers.
(iii) Arranges materials and tools to start the process.
(iv) Makes arrangements of training if required by the workers.

Bharat Electricals cannot file a complaint as Bharat Electricals is not a consumer.They bought goods for commercial purpose and not for consumption.
Who is a Consumer?
Consumer means any of the following persons:
(i) A person, who buys any good or avails any service for a consideration which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment.
(ii) The term includes any other user of such goods when such use is made with the approval of the buyer.The term 'consumer',however, does not include a person, who obtains such goods for resale or for any commercial purpose.

In the transportation business, lesser amount of working capital is required as Neelabh and Pranav are engaged in service industry. A firm engaged in service industry needs less working capital.
(i) Lower investment is required to carry out the day-to-day operations.
(ii) Lower investment require to maintain inventory, if any.
Factors affecting the fixed capital requirement are
(i) Growth prospects Businessman wants to expand his business, in such a situation, company requires higher investment to meet the anticipated demand in future. Thus the requirement of fixed capital will be higher.
(ii) Diversification If the businessman diversify his business, this mean larger amount of fixed capital is required.

Michale is associated with Top level management. Being a Corporate Development Head , his job is to plan execute wide range of strategies to meet the organisational objectives. He should perform the following functions of top level management:
(i) Analyse, evaluate and deal with the external environment.
(ii) Determine the objectives of the business.
(iii) Formulate the policies of the business.
(iv) Create an organisational framework consisting of quthority responsibility relationship.
(v) Integrate and coordinate the activities of different departments.

(i) Advantages of labelling which are shown in this case are as follows:
(a) It helps in advertising activity and promotion of the product.
(b) It helps to assess the supremacy of a product over other products.
(c) It raises the prestige of a product and guarantee the standard of the product.
(ii) As Taj Mahal is a famous name in tea brands which are offering standardised tea, it offers the following values:
(a) Quality products to consumers
(b) Satisfaction of customer's needs

Formal organisation is a system of well-defined jobs, each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability.
Advantages of formal organisation are:
(i) It makes fixation of responsibility clear and eaiser.
(ii) There is no confusion regarding work to be done by each individual.
(iii) Unity of command is maintained, which avoids confusion and conflicts.
(iv) It helps in achievement of goals by emphasizing systematic working.
(v) It provides stability to the organisation. 

Yes, I agree as SEBI regulates and protects the interest of investors.SEBI was established in 1988 and given a statutory status in 1992, to protect the investors from the fraudulent malpractices, rampant in securities market before 1988.As a watchdog, it regulates the market and protects the investors by keeping a check on various manipulative activities by performing the following functions:
(i) Regulates takeover bids by companies.
(ii) Prohibits fraudulent and unfair trade practices.
(iii) Undertakes several steps to protect the investors, e.g. calls for information by conducting inspections, enquiries and audits of the companies.

Values ignored in this case are:
(i) Democracy
(ii) Empathy
(iii) Motivation

The disadvantages of divisional structure are as follows:
(i) There is a duplication of physical facilities and functions.
(ii) Conflicts may arise between division of allocation of resources and funds.
(iii) Greater autonomy to divisional heads may lead to misuse of authority.

Two limitations of planning are:
(i) When plans are not implemented into action, they become meaningless, due to which an organisation suffers.
(ii)Planning is a time-consuming process.

Positive impacts of government policy changes are:
(i) Investment in research and development
 In the present scenario, business units are investing more in research and development in order to associate with  latest technology. It has enabled the faster growth of industries.
(ii) Creation of products as per the demand of customers 
With the entry of MNC's in India, there has been increase in the demand of inputs. Now no shortage of goods persists in the market.
The customers are enjoying a surplus and good quality products of different brands. This helps in making the buyer sovereign to the market.
Negative impacts of government policy changes are :
(i) Threats from MNC 
With the entry of MNC in India, it has posed serious threat to domestic business and industries, due to the comparative advantage they have in terms of financial and technological resources.
(ii) Higher labour turnover ratio 
With the entry of MNC's in India, there has been tremendous increase in the labour turnover ratio. Hence, Indian industries are finding it difficult to retain its best brains with them.

No, planning does not work in a dynamic environment because business environment consists of a large number of factors that keep on changing and the organisation has to adapt itself to such changes. When planning cannot assess future trends exactly, it fails in the dynamic environment.
However, if the plans are flexible and a keen observation is kept on the changing environment, plans can be adapted to suit the circumstances, to make them work. 

Controlling is an important managerial function. It is concerned with taking preventive actions against deviations. It is the process, through which managers assure that the actual activities conform to the planned activities. Controlling has a very wide scope. It does not end only by comparing the actual performance with planned performance, but its tries to find the reasons and solutions for such problems also.

    The main objective of controlling is to ensure that work is carried on as per plans. Secondly, it enables managers to find out errors and also provide direction, so that work goes on right track.