(i)The Central Government enacted a comprehensive law called the Consumer Protection Act in 1986.
(ii) This Act came into force with effect from 15.04.1987. This Act was further amended in 1993.
(iii)The Act is referred in short as 'COPRA'.
(iv) The act provides safeguards to consumers against defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices and other forms of their exploitation.

Caveat venditor means "let the seller beware," by which goods are covered by an implied warranty of merchantability. Unless otherwise advertised (for example, "sold as is") or negotiated with the buyer, nearly all consumer products are guaranteed to work, if used for their intended purpose.

(i) Mixing of stones with grains.
(ii) Mixing of coconut oil with palmolein.
(iii) Coffee powder is adulterated with tamarind seed.
(iv) Chilli powder is adulterated with brick powder.

A consumer is one who consumes goods manufactured and sold by others or created by nature (air, water and natural resources) and sold by others.One who avails services such as banking, transport, insurance, etc. is also called consumer.

(i) There are certain situations where the shop-keepers put up the board 'No Stock' in front of their shops, even though there is plenty of stock in the store.
(ii) In such situations consumers who are desperate to buy such goods have to pay hefty price to buy those goods and thus earning more profit unconscientiously.
(iii) Even in Cinema houses, board may hang in the main entrance 'House Full' while cinema tickets will be freely available at a higher price in the black market.

The three constituent elements of business are
(i) Product Information
Business enterprises should disclose correct, complete and accurate information about the product viz. size, quality, quantity, substances, use, side effects, precautions, weight, exchange, mode of application etc
(ii) Guarantees for Good Quality:
Business enterprises should not give false warranty for the products. It should ensure supply of good quality.
(iii) Truth in advertising:
Business enterprises should not convey false, untrue, bogus information relating to the product through the advertisements in media and thus mislead the consumers.

(i) The Indian Contract Act, 1872 was passed to bind the people on the promise made in the contract.
(ii) The Trademark Act, 1999 prevents the use of fraudulent marks on the product.
(iii) The Competition Act, 2002 protects the consumers against unhealthy competition.
(iv) The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 ensures the safety of drugs and cosmetics sold in India.
(v) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 controls and prevents pollution in India.

(i) Avoidance of Price Hike: Business enterprises should desist from hiking the price in the context of acute shortage of goods /articles.
(ii) Avoidance of HoardingBusiness enterprises should allow the business to flow normally.It should not indulge in hoarding and black marketing to earn maximum possible profit in the short term at the cost of consumers.
(iii) Guarantees for Good Quality: Business enterprises should not give false warranty for the products.It should ensure supply of good quality.
(iv) Product Information: Business enterprises should disclose correct, complete and accurate information about the product viz. size, quality, quantity, substances, use, side effects, precautions, weight, exchange, mode of application etc.
(v) Truth in advertising: Business enterprises should not convey false, untrue, bogus information relating to the product through the advertisements in media and thus mislead the consumers.
(vi) protection from the Hazard:  Business enterprises should not market the product which is potentially hazardous and harmful. As regards food items, business enterprises should withdraw spoiled and contaminated food items.

(d) A statutory consumer body - Consumer Guidance Society of India

(c) Indian Contract Act -1980

(d) Sub-standard - Black market

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false