Medical virtual reality is effectively used to stop the brain from processing pain and cure soreness.

They are thin strands of wire made of shape memory alloys. They can contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them.

Size of the particle is between
1-100 nm - Nano.
Size of the particle is greater
than-100 nm - Bulk.

The key components of a robot are Power conversion unit, Actuators, Electric motors, Pneumatic Air Muscles, Muscle wires, Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors, Sensors, and Robot locomotion.

Cosmology is the branch that involves the origin and evolution of the universe. It deals with formation of stars, galaxy etc.

Quantum confinement effects and surface effects are the two important phenomena that govern nano particles.

Nanotechnology is a technology involving the design, production, characterization, and applications of nano structured materials.

(i) If the particle of a solid is of size less than 100 nm, it is said to be a nano solid, if the particle size exceeds 100 nm, it is a bulk solid.
(ii) Both have same chemical properties. But their mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic properties differ.

(i) Nano science is the science of objects with typical sizes of 1 - 100 nm. It deals with the study of property change when a matter is divided into nano particles.
(ii) Nanotechnology is a technology involving the design, production, characterisation and applications of nano structured materials.

Advantages of robotics:
(i) The robots are much cheaper than humans.
(ii) Robots never get tired like humans. It can work for 24 x 7. Hence absenteeism in work place can be reduced.
(iii) Robots are more precise and error free in performing the task.
(iv) Stronger and faster than humans.
(v) Robots can work in extreme environmental conditions: extreme hot or cold, space or underwater. In dangerous situations like bomb detection and bomb deactivation.
(vi) In warfare, robots can save human lives.
(vii) Robots are significantly used in handling materials in chemical industries especially in nuclear plants which can lead to health hazards in humans.
Disadvantages of Robotics:
(i) Robots have no sense of emotions or conscience.
(ii) They lack empathy and hence create an emotionless workplace.
(iii) If ultimately robots would do all the work, and the humans will just sit and monitor them, health hazards will increase rapidly.
(iv) Unemployment problem will increase.
(v) Robots can perform defined tasks and cannot handle unexpected situations.
(vi) The robots are well programmed to do a job and if a small thing goes wrong it ends up in a big loss to the company.
(vii) If a robot malfunctions, it takes time to identify the problem, rectify it, and even reprogram if necessary. This process requires signi cant time.
(viii) Humans cannot be replaced by robots in decision making.
(ix) Till the robot reaches the level of human intelligence, the humans in work place will exit.

Materials made up of particles sizes of 1-100 made up nm differ in their properties from the materials made up of bulk particles. Thus, nano materials find wide range of applications
Automotive industry :
(i) Lightweight construction
(ii) Painting (fillers, base coat, clear coat)
(iii) Catalysts
(iv) Tires (fillers)
(v) Sensors
(vi) Coatings for wind-screen and car bodies.
Chemical industry :
(i) Fillers for paint systems
(ii) Coating systems based on nanocomposites
(iii) Impregnation of papers
(iv) Switchable adhesives
(v) Magnetic fluids
Engineering :
(i) Wear protection for tools and machines (anti blocking coatings, scratch resistant coatings on plastic parts etc.)
(ii) Lubricant-free bearings.
Electronic industry :
(i) Data memory
(ii) Displays
(iii) Laser diodes
(iv ) Glass fibres
(v) Optical switches
(vi) Filters (lR-blocking)
(vii) Conductive, antistatic coatings.
Construction :
(i) Construction materials
(ii) Thermal insulation
(iii) Flame retardants
(iv) Surface-functionalised building materials for wood, floors, stone, facades, tiles, roof tiles, etc.
(v) Facade coating
(v) Groove mortar.
Medicine :
(i) Drug delivery systems
(ii) Active agents
(iii) Contrast medium
(iv) Medical rapid tests
(v) Prostheses and implants
(vi) Antimicrobial agents and coatings
(vii) Agents in cancer therapy.
Textile/fabrics/non-wovens :
(i) Surface-processed textiles
(ii) smart clothes.
Energy :
(i) Fuel cells
(il) Solar cells
(iii) Batteries
(iv) Capacitors.
Cosmetics :
(i) Sun protection
(ii) Lipsticks
(iii) Skin creams
(iv) Tooth paste.
Food and drinks :
(i) Package materials
(ii) Storage life sensors
(iii) Additives
(iv) Clarification of fruit juices.
Household :
(i) Ceramic coatings for irons
(ii) Orders catalyst
(iii) Cleaner for glass, ceramic, floor, windows.
Sports/Outdoor :
(i) Ski wax
(ii) Antifogging of glasses /goggles
(iii) Antifouling coating for ships /boats
(iv) Reinforced tennis rackets and balls.

(d) Human Robot - Delta

(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the false explanation of the Assertion.

(IV) Robots are not powered by batteries

(i) Nano-robots in blood stream to perform small surgical procedures, to fight against bacteria, repairing individual cell in the body.
(ii) It can travel into the body and once after the job is performed it can find its way out. Chinese scientists have created the world's first autonomous DNA robots to combat cancer tumours.