Vectors are of two types:
i) Cloning Vector, and ii) Expression Vector.
Cloning vector is used for the cloning of DNA insert inside the suitable host cell. Expression vector is used to express the DNA insert for producing specific protein inside the host.

Plasmids are extrachromosomal , self replicating ds circular DNA molecules, found in the bacterial cells in addition to the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids contain Genetic information for their own replication.

DNA ligase enzyme joins the sugar and phosphate molecules of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) with 5'-PO 4 and a 3'-OR in an Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) dependent reaction. This is isolated from T4 phage.

5' CATTATATAATG 3'
3' GTAATATATTAC 5'

Palindrome is a sequence of nucleotide in DNA strands at the site which reads the same in 5'- 3' direction and in the 3'-5' direction.

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction.
PCR is a common lab technique used to make copies of particular region of DNA.

(1) Agaricus campestris
(2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(1) Cellulomonas
(2) Alcaligenes

When microbes are cultured, they secrete some enzymes into the growth media. These enzymes are industrially used in detergents, food processing, brewing and pharmaceuticals.
E.g. Protease, amylase, isomerase, and lipase.

Metabolites produced for the maintenance of life process of microbes are known as primary metabolites. E.g. Ethanol, citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid.

Fermentation refers to the metabolic process in which organic molecules (normally glucose) are converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen or any electron transport chain with oxygen.

Bioreactor (Fermenter) is a vessel or a container that is designed in such a way that it can provide an optimum environment in which microorganisms or their enzymes interact with a substrate to produce the required product. In the bioreactor, aeration, agitation, temperature and pH are controlled.

There are two main features of modem biotechnology, that differentiated it from the conventional technology are its:
(i) ability to change the genetic material for getting new products with specific requirement through recombinant DNA technology
(ii) ownership of the newly developed technology and its social impact.