Waste category	Source
Residential	Food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes, tires, batteries and old mattresses
Industrial	Packaging wastes, ashes, chemicals, cans, plastics and metal parts
Commercial	Thin and thick plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood and cardboard materials
Institutional	Wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials and electronics
Construction  and Demolition	Steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.
Agriculture	Agricultural wastes, spoiled food and pesticide containers
Biomedical	Syringes, bandages, used gloves, catheter, urine bags, drugs, paper, plastics, food wastes, sanitary napkins, diapers and chemicals
e-waste	Electronic items like used TVs, transistors, tape recorders, computer cabinets, mother boards, CDs, cassettes, mouse, wires, cords, switches and chargers.

1. May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
2. Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
3. Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
4. Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
5. Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution .
6. Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
7. Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
8. Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
9. Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
10. They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.
11. Beneficial insects and animals can be affected.

1. According to the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) there are direct links between noise and health. Heart disease, high blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss (deafness), and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution.
2. Increased stress and tension, nervousness, irritability, anxiety, depression and panic attacks.
3. Peptic ulcer, severe head ache and memory loss.
4. Marine animals are affected by noise-pollution from offshore activities and port activities.
5. Fire crackers frighten animals. Birds are often affected by increased air traffic.

Certain measures help to remove pollutants, reduce their presence or prevent their entry into the atmosphere.
1. Trees are the best remedy for urban particulate and gaseous pollution.
2. Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of the planet.
3. Catalytic converters in vehicles help to reduce polluting gases drastically.
4. Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles cuts particulates.
5. Electrostatic precipitators reduce release of industrial pollutants.
6. Cost effective air pollution treatment systems like indoor plants and high performance biofilters can improve indoor air quality.

1. Affects all organisms as they depend on the atmosphere for respiration.
2. Causes irritation in the throat, nose, lungs and eyes. It causes breathing problems and aggravates existing health conditions such as emphysema and asthma.
3. Contaminated air reduces the body's defense mechanism and decreases the body's capacity to fight other infections in the respiratory system.
4. Frequent exposure to polluted air increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Breathing air that is filled with fine particulate matter can induce hardening of the arteries, triggering cardiac arrhythmia or even a heart attack.
5. People who exercise outdoors can sometimes be susceptible to adverse effects of air pollution because it involves deeper and faster breathing. Hence it is advisable to walk or jog in the mornings in places with ample tree cover .
6. Gas leaks can be lethal or affect the quality of air in the affected area .
7. CO in the atmosphere interferes with O₂ transport since haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide. At low concentration it causes headache and blurred vision. In higher concentration, it can lead to coma and death.

(i) Ozone is found in the layer of the atmosphere called the Stratosphere. It acts as a protective covering that absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
(ii) The ozone molecule (O₃) consists of three oxygen atoms. It is formed when atmospheric oxygen (O₂) on exposure to solar radiation breaks into two oxygen' atoms; each atom then joins up with a single oxygen atom.
(iii) The ozone molecule is unstable. It soon decays again to form molecular oxygen. This cycle is a continuous process in the upper reaches of the stratosphere.
Ozone layer depletion mainly occurs by anthropogenic actions.
The excessive release of chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) causes ozone layer depletion. CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methylbromide are found to have direct impact on the depletion of the ozone layer. These are categorized as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
Effects of Ozone layer depletion UV rays may penetrate deep into the skin and can lead to premature skin aging and wrinkling of skin; suppression of the immune system, skin cancer (melanoma) and chronic effects leading to eye damage. DNA damage can result from free radicals and reactive oxygen and photons can damage the DNA itself.
Control of Ozone depletion Ozone layer depletion can be controlled by
(a) Phase down or ban the use of CFCs (CFC free refrigerants).
(b) Minimizing the use of chemicals such as halons and halocarbons.
(c) Creating awareness about ozone depleting agents.

Radioactive waste management involves the treatment, storage and disposal of liquid, airborne and solid effluents from the nuclear industry. Three ways are employed to manage nuclear wastes
(i) Spent Fuel Pools - The spent fuel discharged from the reactors is temporarily stored in the reactor pool. The Spent fuel rods are used in stored cooling ponds. They protect the surroundings from radiation and absorb the heat generated during radioactive decay.
(ii) Vitrification method - This prevents reaction or degradation of nuclear waste for extended periods of time and encased  in dry cement caskets.
(iii) Geological Repositories - A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated deep within a stable geologic environment. It is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance. In India at Tarapur and Kalpakkam, a wet storage facility of Spent Fuel is the main mode of storage.

Chemicals which are used in agriculture for growth of plants and pest control are called agrochemicals or agrichemicals. Overuse of agrochemicals have been observed to generate residues that cause nutrient imbalance, and
(i) May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
(ii) Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
(iii) Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
(iv) Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
(v) Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution.
(vi) Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
(vii) Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
(viii) Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
(ix) Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
(x) They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.
(xi) Beneficial insects and animals can be affected.

(i) Planting trees in and around noise sources is an effective solution for noise pollution as plants are known to absorb noise and bring down sound levels.
(ii) Regular servicing and tuning of automobile engines can effectively reduce noise pollution by vehicles and machinery.
(iii) Workers should be provided with ear plugs and earmuffs at work sites that generate high noise levels.
(iv) Lubrication of machinery and regular servicing minimizes noise levels.
(v) Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.

Certain measures help to remove pollutants, reduce their presence or prevent their entry into the atmosphere.
(i) Trees are the best remedy for urban particulate and gaseous pollution.
(ii) Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of the planet.
(iii) Catalytic converters in vehicles help to reduce polluting gases drastically.
(iv) Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles cuts particulates
(v) Electrostatic precipitators reduce, release of industrial pollutants.
(vi) Cost effective air pollution treatment systems like indoor plants and high performance biofertilizers can improve indoor air quality.
(vii) Road traffic rationing, encourage public transport, carpooling.
(viii) Increase green cover alongside roads (planting avenue trees).
(ix) Promoting 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan'.
(x) Enactment and Enforcement of stricter environmental laws
(xi) Maintenance of air standards by proper enforcement and monitoring
(xii) Reducing carbon emissions
(xiii) Encourage use of renewable energy
(xiv) Limiting the sale of firecrackers and developing eco-friendly crackers
(xv) Make Environmental Impact Assessment mandatory
(xvi) Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air is at a given time.

(i) Affects all organisms as they depend on the atmosphere for respiration.
(ii) Causes irritation in the throat, nose, lungs and eyes. It causes breathing problems and aggravates existing health conditions such as emphysema and asthma
(iii) Contaminated air reduces the body's defense mechanism and decreases the body's capacity to fight other infections in the respiratory system.
(iv) Frequent exposure to polluted air increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Breathing air that is filled with fine particulate matter can induce hardening of the arteries, triggering cardiac arrhythmia or even a heart attack.
(v) Gas leaks can be lethal or affect the quality of air in the affected area.
(vi) CO in the atmosphere interferes with O₂ transport since haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide. At low concentration it causes headache and blurred vision. In higher concentration, it can lead to coma and death.

(i) The alteration or changes in the composition of the earth's atmosphere by natural or human activities is called air pollution.
(ii) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration of air is also a form of air pollution. The normal CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere is only about 0.03%. Deforestation is one of the major contributions for increase in carbon dioxide of the air. Forests act as carbon sink by utilizing the atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
(iii) When forests are cut down, the concentration of the atmosphere increases. This leads to global warming or greenhouse effect which is an effect of air pollution.
(iv) Thus by forest conservation, we can reduce the carbon footprint by increased trapping of atmospheric CO₂ and thereby reducing global warming. This leads to reduced levels of air pollution.

(i) When trees are cut down and burnt or allowed to rot, their stored carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide. This adds to the carbon dioxide content of the air. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas. The increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the air increases the greenhouse effect and thereby causes global warming. It has been estimated that 25-30% of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year is because of deforestation.
(ii) Trees act as carbon sink since they utilize carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. When trees are cut down, the carbon footprint increases. This, in turn leads to global warming.

The 'Forest man of India', Jadav Payeng who created 1,360 acres of dense and defiant forest was born in Arunasapori (a river island on the Brahmaputra). He had just completed his Class X exams in 1979 when he started to sow the seeds and shoots on the eroded island covered with sand and silt. Thirty-six years later he had converted the once unproductive land into a forest. Payeng's forest is now home to five Royal Bengal tigers, over a hundred deer, wild boar, vultures, and several species of birds. For his remarkable initiative, the Jawaharlal Nehru University invited Payeng in 2012 on Earth Day and honored him with the title of the 'Forest Man of India'. Later, the President APJ Abdul Kalam felicitated him with a cash award in Mumbai. The same year, he received the 'Padma Shri'.

The main goal of the Kyoto protocol is to control emissions of the main Anthropogenic (human-emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGs) in ways that reflect underlying national difference in GHG emission, wealth and capacity to make the reductions.