Vasectomy is the surgical procedure for male sterilisation. In this procedure, both vas deferens are cut and tied through a small incision on the scrotum to prevent the entry of sperm into the urethra. Vasectomy prevents sperm from heading off to penis as the discharge has no sperms in it.

To overcome the problem of population explosion, birth control is the only available solution. People should be motivated to have smaller families by using various contraceptive devices. Advertisements by the Government in the media as well as posters/bills, etc., with a slogan "Naam iruvar namakku iruvar" (we two, ours two) and "Naam iruvar namakku oruvar" (we two, ours one) have also motivated to control population growth in Tamil Nadu. Statutory rising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and that of males to 21 years and incentives given to couples with small families are the other measures taken to control population growth in our country.

The techniques used to detect the foetal disorders during the early stages of pregnancy are:
(i) Ultrasound scanning
(ii) Amniocentesis
(iii) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
(iv) Foetoscope

Microsurgical sperm retrieval from the testicle involves a dilation of the microscope, the seminiferous tubules under the microscope and small amount of testicular tissue in areas of active sperm production are, removed. This is improved for sperm yield compared to traditional biopsy techniques.

Inability to conceive or produce children even after unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility.
Causes of infertility:
(i) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), uterine fibroids and endometriosis are the most common causes of infertility in women.
(ii) Low body fat or anorexia in women. i.e. a psychiatric eating disorder characterised by the fear of gaining weight.
(iii) Under developed ovaries or testes.

The transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres stage into uterus is called embryo transfer technique.

GIFT - Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer
(i) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube. In this the eggs are collected from the ovaries and placed with the sperms in one of the fallopian tubes.
(ii) The zygote travels toward the uterus and gets implanted in the inner lining of the uterus.

Cryopreservation (or freezing) of embryos is often used when there are more embryos than needed for a single IVF transfer. Embryo cryopreservation can provide an additional opportunity for pregnancy, through a Frozen embryo transfer (FET), without undergoing another ovarian stimulation and retrieval.

ZIFT - Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer. As in IVF, the zygote upto 8 blastomere stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy. The zygote continues its natural divisions and migrates towards the uterus where it gets implanted.

(i) Low body fat or anorexia in women. i.e. a psychiatric eating disorder characterised by the fear of gaining weight.
(ii) Under developed ovaries or testes.
(iii) Female may develop antibodies against her partner's sperm.

(i) Copper releasing IUD - Multiload 375 CuT 380.
(ii) Hormone - releasing IUD - LNG-20.
(iii) Non-medicated IUD - Lippes loop.

Menstrual cycles resume as early as 6 to 8 weeks from parturition. However, the reappearance of normal ovarian cycles may be delayed for six months during breastfeeding. This delay in ovarian cycles is called lactational amenorrhoea. It serves as a natural but an unreliable form of birth control.

Foetoscope is used to monitor the foetal heart rate and other functions during late pregnancy and labour. The average foetal heart rate is between 120 and 160 beats per minute. An abnormal foetal heart rate or pattern may mean that the foetus is not getting enough oxygen and it indicates other problems. A hand-held doppler device is often used during prenatal visits to count the foetal heart rate. During labour, continuous electronic foetal monitoring is often used.

Yes. Government of India legalized MTP in 1971 for medical necessity and social consequences with certain restrictions like sex discrimination and illegal female foeticides to avoid its misuse. MTP performed illegally by unqualified quacks is unsafe and could be fatal. MTP of the first conception may have serious psychological consequences

1. Periodic abstinence
2. Coitus interruptus
3. Lactational amenorrhea