(i) There is a growing tendency to select and appoint highly qualified, trained and experienced person to manage the business in each functional area of management.
(ii) Thus we have today an increasing tendency in favour of management by expects or professional.

Principles of scientific management propounded by Taylor are
(i) Science, Not Rule of thumb
(ii) Harmony, Not Discord
(iii) Mental Revolution
(iv) Co-operation, Not Individualism
(v) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity.

(i) Workers must be paid sufficiently as this is a Chief motivation of employees and therefore greatly influences productivity.
(ii) The quantum and methods of remuneration payable should be fare, reasonable and rewarding of effort

There are twin purposes of the management process: They are
(i) Maximum productivity or profitability; and
(ii) Maximum human welfare and satisfaction.

1. The substance of management should be identified as a process.
2. A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
3. A process also implies ongoing and unleasing cyclical operations

According to peter Drucker three jobs of management are:
(i) Managing a business
(ii) Managing a manager
(iii) Managing workers and work.

Esprit de corps means "union is strength". In an organisation, employees should be harmony and unit. It improves the employee morale.

(i) This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior.
(ii) If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create confusion and conflict.
(iii) It is the control function which facilitates synchronization of actual performance with pre determined standards.

Scientific management refers to the use of scientific methods to management problems.

Men, Machine, Money and Materials are called 4 M's.

The functional area of management are : export management, personnel management, general management, production management, marketing management and financial management.

All related activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of action for them and they should be under the control of one manger.

Responsibility means obligation for performance. It is the amount of work expected from a man by his superior.