According to Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines "Company Secretary" or "Secretary" means any individual possessing the prescribed qualifications, appointed to perform the duties which may be performed by a secretary under this Act and any other ministerial or administrative duties.

"First directors" means those directors who hold office form the date of incorporation of the company. The first directors are usually named in the articles of association or are appointed by the directors.

A share certificate is an instrument in writing, that is a legal proof of the ownership of the number of shares stated in it. Every company, limited by shares, whether it is public or private must issue the share certificate to its shareholders except in the case, where shares are held in the dematerialization system.

According to section 2(11) "body corporate" or "corporation" includes a private company, public company, one personal company, small company, Limited Liability Partnerships, a foreign company incorporated outside India, but does not include
(i) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies; and
(ii) any other body corporate (not being a company as defined in this Act)

Entrepreneur requires two types of finance namely long term and short term. While long-term requirements are needed for acquiring fixed assets, short-term requirement are meant for meeting working capital needs. Entrepreneur has to bring in promoters contribution (seed capital) prescribed by financing agencies.

Classical entrepreneur is one who starts his own venture as a family business. They are called life timers. They engage in business as a matter of routine. Entrepreneurs from the business families are called classical entrepreneurs.

There are different reasons why vacancy arises and they are
(i) Retirement of an employee
(ii) Death of an employee
(iii) Resignation of job by an employee
(iv) Disablement of an employee
(v) Dismissal of an employee

These are the applications of job seekers who voluntarily apply for the vacancies not yet notified by organisations.

One single employee managing to learn how to perform in more than one job on rotation is called job rotation. This familiarises the employees with all kind of jobs performed.

Entrepreneurship generates employment opportunities to many people besides providing self-employment to the entrepreneur. Any business venture started triggers a variety of economic activities like purchasing raw material, creating employment opportunities and so on.

(i) When a cheque is crossed generally the banker should not pay the amount across the counter.
(ii) The receiver of the amount of the cheque can be easily traced in case the cheque is lost or stolen and collected. Thus the crossing assures safety.

According to Section 4 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, "a promissory note is an instrument in writing (not being a bank note or a currency note) containing an unconditional undertaking signed by the maker, to pay a certain sum of money only to or to the order of, a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument".

In the words of Justice K.C. Wills, a negotiable instrument is one,the property in which is acquired by anyone who takes it bonafide and for value, and withstanding any defect to title in the person from whom he took it.

(i) Sensex is an index of the stocks in BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex has a list of 30 stocks.
(ii) BSE decides the stocks that are to be listed on Sensex.
(iii) Based on the above said factors, BSE regularly prepares a set of 30 stocks which will be together called as SENSEX.

SEBI means securities and Exchange Board of India. SEBI emerged as an effective regulatory body for the primary and secondary markets and afford a measure of protection to small investors.

The most common method of raising capital by new companies is through sale of securities to the public. It is called public issue.

According to Arun K. Datta, capital market may be defined as "a complex of institutions investment and practices with established links between the demand for and supply of different types of capital gains".

(i) The commercial bills is an instrument drawn by a seller of goods on a buyer of goods.
(ii) It possesses the advantages like self-liquidating in nature, recourse to two parties, knowing exact date of transactions, transparency of transactions etc.

(i) Certificate of deposits are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large sums of money.
(ii) Certificate of Deposits are issued in the form of usance promissory notes.
(iii) The Certificate of Deposit is transferable from one party to another.

(i) Money market is the segment of financial markets where in financial instruments having maturities of less than one year are traded.
(ii) Examples: Treasury Bills, Commercial Bills, Certificate of Deposits, Government securities etc.

The certificate of deposits are available for subscription by individuals, corporations, trusts, associations and NRIs.

The issuers of certificate of deposits are Commercial banks, Financial Institutions, etc.

Money market is the market for short term financial claim. (E.g) Treasury Bills, Commercial paper, Certificates of Deposit.

George Odiorne.

Initially, organisational objectives are framed by the top level employees of an organisation. Then it moves downwards

Globalisation means the interaction and integration of the domestic economy with the rest of the world with regard to foreign investment, trade, production and financial matters. Globalization stands for the consolidation of the various economies of the world.

No, directing is not necessary at planning stage, it is necessary at execution / operational stage.

Yes, planning involves setting of objectives and determining the most economical and viable alternative to achieve the goals.

"Look before you Leap is the traditional proverb, which refers to the management function of planning. Planning refers to deciding in advance.

External environment refers to those factors outside the business These factors by and large are beyond the control of  a business and hence uncontrollable.
e.g economic, political and socio-cultural factors.

According to Philip Kotler, "Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service

There are twin purposes of the management process: They are
(i) Maximum productivity or profitability; and
(ii) Maximum human welfare and satisfaction.

1. The substance of management should be identified as a process.
2. A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
3. A process also implies ongoing and unleasing cyclical operations

According to peter Drucker three jobs of management are:
(i) Managing a business
(ii) Managing a manager
(iii) Managing workers and work.

(i) This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior.
(ii) If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create confusion and conflict.
(iii) It is the control function which facilitates synchronization of actual performance with pre determined standards.

The functional area of management are : export management, personnel management, general management, production management, marketing management and financial management.

All related activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of action for them and they should be under the control of one manger.

Mahatma Gandhi said about the Customer A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an interruption of our work. He is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider of our business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to do so.

(i) One who deals in a market; specifically, one who promotes or sells a product or service.
(ii) A marketer is some one whose job involves marketing.
(iii) Someone who promotes or exchanges goods or exchanges goods or services for money.

A market which is not regulated by statutory measures is called unregulated market

According to Pyle, "Market includes both place and region in which buyers and sellers are in free competition with one another.

This method enables the trainees to listen to the lectures / talk delivered on specific topics and provides opportunities to participate, to interact with the speaker and get their doubts clarified or select participants may be allowed to present papers with the audio visual aids as delegates. Example, Doctors conference, Salesman Conference etc

The apprentice or trainee learns the job knowledge and skills from the trainer or superior or senior worker. Generally the apprenticeship training is given to the technical cader like that Mechanics, Electricians, Craftsmen, Welders, Fitter, etc

One of the way by which consumers are being exploited is 'Artificial Scarcity'. In milk books and in cinema house use find 'No Stock' and 'House full' board outside. But milk and cinema tickets are available at a higher price in the black market.

Content marketing is said to be the art of communicating with customers and prospects without selling. The Content Marketing institute calls it non-interruption marketing.

A commodity exchange is an organized and regulated market that facilitates the purchase and sale of contracts whose values are tied to the price of commodities (e.g. crude oil, natural gas, copper and gold).

The successful candidate who passed through various stage of selection process will be called for final interview.

(i) Reference check is done to know reliability and trustworthiness of the candidates.
(ii) The selector decides the selection worthiness of the candidate based on the reference and recommendation given by referees.

Judgement test is conducted to test the presence of mind and reasoning capacity of the candidates.

According to Dale Yoder human resource management as ''the effective process of planning and directing the application, development and utilisation of human resources in employment''.