1. Poll means tendering or offering vote by ballot to a specially appointed officer, called the polling officer.
2. Under the Companies Act, poll means exercising a voting right in the proportion to shareholder's contribution to the paid up capital of a limited company having a share capital.

A person who is not the member of Board but has some power to run it can be appointed as the director but according to his/her wish.

When shares are issued at a price above the face or nominal value, they are said to be issued at a premium. For example, a share having the face value of Rs. 10 is issued at Rs.12. Here, Rs.2 is the premium. The amount of share premium has to betransferred to an account called the 'Securities Premium Account! This account is capital in nature and can only be utilized for the purposes specified by the Act.999
(i) To write off preliminary expenses.
(ii) To write off the expenses of issue, or commission paid, or. discount allowed, on issue of shares or debentures of the company.
(iii) To provide for the payment of premium on the redemption of any redeemable preference shares or debentures of the company.
Thus, securities premium is not available for distribution of dividend.

(i) Through the Startup India initiative, Government of India promotes entrepreneurship by mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout their life cycle.
(ii) Since its launch in January 2016, the initiative has successfully given a head start to numerous aspiring entrepreneurs.
(iii) A 'Fund of Funds' has been created to help startups gain access to funding.

(i) Professional entrepreneur is one who is having a rich expertise in starting a venture but lack of interest in continuing the venture as a manager or as a owner.
(ii) He/she simply sells out the venture started by him to someone else after its successful take-off.
(iii) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.
(iv) These entrepreneurs have got professional expertise in starting the venture and existing it after the establishment.

Promotional functions of entrepreneur
(i) Discovery of ldlea : The first and foremost function of cntrepreneur is idea gencration. Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and exposure of entreprencur, keen observation of environment, education, training, market survey, environmental scanning and so on.
(ii) Detailed Investigation: Entrepreneur has to analyse in detail the product proposes to produce. 
(iv) Choice of form of enterprise: Entrepreneur has to choose the appropriate form of organisation suited to implement the venture. There are various forms of organisation namely sole proprietor, partnership, company and cO-operatives etc.
(iv) Preparation of Business Plan: Entrepreneur has to prepare a business plan or project report of the venture that he is proposing to take up.
(v) Mobilisation of Funds: Entrepreneur has to take steps to mobilize capital needed to implement the venture.Entrepreneur has to estimate the fixed capital and working capital required for running the project.

In every contract of sale, there are certain expressed and implied conditions and
warranties.
The term implied conditions means conditions which can be inferred fromn or guessed from the context of the contract.

Following are the implied conditions :
(i) Conditions as to Title.
(ii) Conditions as to Description.
(iii) Sale by Sample.
(iv) Conditions as to Quality or Fitness.
(v) Conditions as to Merchantability
(vi) Condition as to Wholesomeness.
(vii) Condition implied by Trade Usage.
Following are the implied warranties :
(i) Quiet Possession.
(ii) Free from Any Encumbrances.
(iii) Warranty in the case of Dangerous Goods.

i) Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, agency or public service from the government to the private sector.
ii) Under this policy many Public Sector Units (PSUs) were sold to private sector.
iii) The main reason for privatisation was that PSUs were running in losses due to mismanagement and political interference.
iv) The managers could not work independently and the production capacity remained under-utilized.
v) To increase competition and efficiency privatisation of PSUs was inevitable.

The Goods and Services Tax Council shall make recommendations to the Union and the States on
(i) The rates including floor rates with bands of goods and services tax.
(ii) Any special rate or rates for a specified period, to raise additional resources during any natural calamity or disaster.
(iii) The goods and services that may be subjected to, or exempted from the goods and services tax.

The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has the following members: 
(i) The National Commission should have five members.
(ii) One should be from judiciary.
(iii) Four other members of ability, knowledge and experience from any other fields.
(iv) It should include a woman.

(i) The complaints and protests are not just to be heard; but the aggrieved party is to be granted compensation within a reasonable time period.
(ii) There should be prompt settlement of complaints and claims lodged by the aggrieved customers.
(iii) This will boost consumer confidence and help render justice to buyers.
(iv) There should be fair and just settlement of deserving claims in a definite time frame.

(i) There are certain situations where the shop-keepers put up the board 'No Stock' in front of their shops, even though there is plenty of stock in the store.
(ii) In such situations consumers who are desperate to buy such goods have to pay hefty price to buy those goods and thus earning more profit unconscientiously.
(iii) Even in Cinema houses, board may hang in the main entrance 'House Full' while cinema tickets will be freely available at a higher price in the black market.

(i) E-commerce simply refers to the buying and selling of products and services through Online but E-business goes a way beyond the simple buying and selling of goods and service and much wider range of business processes, Such as supply chain management, electronic order processing and customer relationship management.
(ii) E-Commerce and E-Business is used interchangeably in its broader meaning just as commerce and business.

Factors affecting price of the product/service.
(a) Internal Factors:
(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing Mix strategy
(iii) Organisational considerations
(iv) Costs
(v) Organisation objectives
(b) External Factors:
(vi) The market and demand
(vii) Competition
(viii) Customers
(ix) Suppliers
(x) Legal factors
(xi) Regulatory factors

(i) To exchange goods and services
(ii) To adjust demand and supply by price mechanism.
(iii) To improve the quality of life of the society
(iv) To introduce new modes of life
(v) To develop product by enhancing market segment.

(i) On the job training is refers to the training which is given to the employee at the work place by his immediate supervisor.
(ii) In an other words, the employee learns the job in the actual work environment.
(Iii) It is based on the principle of "Learning by doing and learning while Earning".
(iv) On the job training is suitable for imparting skills that can be learnt in a relatively shorter period of time

(i) Where a group of people interview the candidate, it is called panel interview.
(ii) Usually panel comprises chairperson, subject expert, psychological experts, representatives of minorities / under privileged groups, nominees of higher bodies and so on.
(iii) All panel members ask different types of questions on general areas of specialisation of the candidates.
(iv) Each member awards marks of the candidate. At the end, the marks awarded by all the members are aggregated and the candidates are ranked accordingly.

(i) Structured interview method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre-prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
(ii) Ultimately interviewees are ranked on the basis of score earned by the candidate in the interview.
(iii) It is otherwise called as Guided interview and Planned interview.

(i) A job portal is a website which helps in the recruitment process by bringing together both the employer and the job seeking candidate.
(ii) The candidate will have to create his profile by uploading his resume which will be ther viewed by the employer as and when there is any opening.
(iii) It is a simplified process of job hunting.
(iv) A job portal also known as a career portal is a modern name for an online job board that helps applicants find jobs and aids employers in their quest to locate ideal candidates.

Features of certificate of deposits are:
(i) Document of title to time deposit
(ii) It is unsecured negotiable instruments.
(iii) It is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.
(iv) It is issued at discount to face value.
(v) It is repayable on a fixed date without grace days.

(i) Staffing function comprises the activities of selection and placement of competent personnel.
(ii)In other words, Staffing refers to placement of right persons in the right jobs.
(iii) Staffing includes selection of right persons, training to those needy persons, promotion of best persons, retirement of old persons, performance appraisal of all the personnel, and adequate remuneration of personnel.
(iv) The success of any enterprise depends upon the successful performance of staffing function.

According to Koontz and Weihrich, "Management is the process of designing and maintaining of an environment in which individuals working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims.