(i) When the share are issued at a price below the face value they are said to be issued at a discount.
(ii) For example, a share having the face value of Rs 10 is issued at Rs. 8.
(iii) The companies act 2013, prohibits the issue of shares at discount (section 53) except sweat Equity share.

(i) Professional entrepreneur is one who is having a rich expertise in starting a venture but lack of interest in continuing the venture as a manager or as a owner.
(ii) He/she simply sells out the venture started by him to someone else after its successful take-off.
(iii) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.
(iv) These entrepreneurs have got professional expertise in starting the venture and existing it after the establishment.

The commercial functions of entrepreneurs are :
(i) Production or Manufacturing
(ii) Marketing
(iii) Accounting
(iv) Finance
(v) Human Resource Management
(i) Production or Manufacturing: Under production function, entrepreneur has to take decision relating to selection of factory site, design and layout, type of products to be manufactured, research and development, product design etc.
Marketing : Entrepreneur has to carry out following functions pertaining to marketing aspect namely consumer research, product planning and development, standardisation, packaging, pricing, warehousing, distribution, promotion etc.
(ii) Accounting :Entrepreneur has to arrange (v) to prepare trading and profit and loss account in order to know the profit or loss incurred out of operation of the business and prepare balance sheet to know the financial status of business at a particular day.
(iv) Finance : In the sphere of financial function, an entrepreneur has to take decisions like choosing the right type of financing,framing thebest dividend policy, acquiring of funds, efficiently managing fixed and current assets, maximising shareholders wealth and investing offunds efficiently and effectively.
Human Resource Management: Entrepreneur has to estimate the manpower needs of the enterprise and accordingly decide the size of manpower required for various slots oforganisational structure.After determining the required man power the entrepreneur has to organise the performance of following functions pertaining to human resources namely arranging for. recruitment, selecting manpower, induction and training, determining compensation structure and inentives, designing motivation programmes, structuring well being measures for employees, putting in place safety mechanism at work place, performance evaluation and career advancement and structuring social security programmers.

Existing goods are those owned or possessed by the seller at the time of contract of sale. Goods possessed even refer to sale by agents or by pledgers. The existing goods may be either :
(i) Specific Goods : Specific goods denote goods identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale.
(ii) Ascertained Goods: The term 'ascertained goods' is also used as similar in meaning to specific goods.
(iii) Unascertained or Generic Goods: These are goods which are not identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale.

(i) Corporations got a competitive advantage from lower operating costs, and access to new raw materials and additional markets.
(ii) Multinational corporations (MNCs) can manufacture, buy and sell goods world wide.
(iii) Globalisation has led to a boom in consumer products market.

(i) The future environment of business in this age of rapid technological advancement has been captured.
(ii) It is now important for every business to meet the challenges.
(iii) The uncertain conditions and situations requires a firm to be prepared to face the volatility by planning.
(iv) VUCA environment a firm has to be forward-looking anticipating the change, adaptability will remain essential for the success of any business in an ambiguous, uncertain environment.

No, The District Forum can entertain complaints within the territory of genuine district and, where the value of goods or services and the compensation if any claimed is less than Rs 20 Lakhs.

(i) There may be few products that are more likely to cause physical danger to consumers health lives and property. They may contain potentially harmful substances which are dangerous from the consumer welfare point of view.
(ii) The best examples of this kind are food additives, colours, emulsifiers, preservatives. The health hazards which are likely to arise have to be eradicated or reduced altogether.
(iii)In case of food items and drugs both life saving and life sustaining safety is to be guaranteed.One thing that is encouraging to-day is that recent legislations have shifted the responsibility for the production of such unsafe items on to the shoulders of sellers rather than on buyers.

The importance of consumerism lies in
(i)  Awakening and uniting consumers.
(ii) Discouraging unfair trade practices.
(iii) Protecting against exploitation.
(iv) Awakening the government.
( v) Effective implementation of consumer protection laws.
 

B2B
(i) Business to Business involve companies that are selling to other companies such as one business finished products would be the law materials of the other business.
(ii) Whole sales sell their products in bulk from their manufacturing plants to businesses that turn around and sell those products to customers.
B2C
(i) Business to Consumer is the most common E-Commerce companies, which include companies selling finished goods or products to consumers directly through their websites.
(ii) The products could be shipped and delivery from the company's warehouse or directly from the manufacture.

Factors affecting price of the product/service.
(a) Internal Factors:
(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing Mix strategy
(iii) Organisational considerations
(iv) Costs
(v) Organisation objectives
(b) External Factors:
(vi) The market and demand
(vii) Competition
(viii) Customers
(ix) Suppliers
(x) Legal factors
(xi) Regulatory factors

(i) To exchange goods and services
(ii) To adjust demand and supply by price mechanism.
(iii) To improve the quality of life of the society
(iv) To introduce new modes of life
(v) To develop product by enhancing market segment.

Training is one of the planned activities to transfer or modify knowledge, skill and attitude. Every training programme must address certain vital issues listed below.
(i)  Whom to train? : 
Training department has to determine the candidates for whom the training should be imparted.
(ii)  Who is the trainee? : 
A person who is learning and practicing the skills of particular job is called trainee.
(iii)  Who are trainers? :
Trainer is a person who teaches skills to employee and prepare them for a job activity.
(iv)  What method will be used for training?:
Training segment should decide the appropriate method of training among the various methods of training available.
(v)  What should be level the training? : 
Training department should decide the level of training to be imparted to the employees.
(vi) Where to conduct the training programme?:
The venue of training and duration of training should be fixed based on the  availability of note other related factors.

1. It is necessary because a person of poor health cannot work competently and any investment on him may go waste.
2. lt determines an applicant's physical ability to perform a specitic job.
3. Physical fitness of the candidate under selection to the job concerned.
 

Features of internal source of recruitment are
(i) Transfer 
The simplest way by which an employee requirement can be filled is through transfer of employee from or apartment to another department where there is shortage of staff.
(ii) Upgrading
Performance appraisal helps in the process of moving employees from a lower position to a higher position.
(iii) Promotion
Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity to move up in the organizational hierarchy.
(iv) Job rotation
One single employee managing to learn how to perform in more than one job on rotation
(v) Recommendation by existing Employees
A family member, relative or friend of an existing employee can be recruited and placed.

The vital resource namely human resource is significant because of the following reasons:
(i) It is only through human resource all other resources are effectively used
(ii) Industrial relations depend on human resource.
(iii) Human relations is possible only through human resource
(iv) Human resource manages all other factors of production
(v) Human resource can be utilised at all levels of management
(vi) Human resources are well protected by legislative frameworks.

(i) We need to submit proof of identity and address along with a passport size photograph and the account opening form. Only photocopies ofthe documents are required for submission, and originals are also required for verification.
(ii) The Proof of identity may be, PAN card, voter's ID, passport, driver's license, bank attestation, IT returns, electricity bill, telephone bill, ID cards with applicant's photo issued by the central or state government and its departments, etc.
(iii) The Proof of address may be Ration card, passport, Voter's ID card, bank passbook or bank statement, verified copies of electricity bills, residence telephone bills, lease and license agreement or agreement for sale, etc.

National stock market system was advocated by the Higher powered group on the establishment of New stock Exchanges headed by Shri. M.J. Pherwani (popularly known as pherwani committee).
At present the National stock Market in India comprises the following:
(i) National Stock Exchanges of India Limited (NSE)
(ii) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
(iii) National clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
(iv) Securities Trading Corporation of India. (STCI)

There are many participants in the Money Market.
The participants are as follows:
(i) Government of different countries
(ii) Central banks of different countries
(iii) Private and Public banks
(iv) Mutual fund institutions
(v) Insurance companies
(vi) Non-Banking Financial Institutions
 

(i) Savings and Capital Formation:
(a) In capital market, various types of securities help to mobilize savings from various sectors of population (Individuals, Corporate, Government, etc.).
(b) The twin features of reasonable return and liquidity in stock exchange are definite incentives to the people to invest in securities.
(c) This accelerates the capital formation in the country.
(ii) Ready and Continuous Market:
(a) The stock exchange provides a central convenient place where buyers and sellers can easily purchase and sell securities.
(b) Easy marketability makes investment in securities more liquid as compared to other assets.

(i) An attempt ismade by the management to integrate the goals of an organisation and individuals. This will lead to effective managerment.
(ii) MBO tries to combine the long run goals of organisation with short run goals.
(iii) Management tries to relate the organisation goals with society goals.
(iv) MBO's emphasis is not only on goals but also on effective performance.
(v) It increases the organisational capability of achieving  goals at all levels.
(vi) Aims at replacingthe exercise of authority with consultations.

(i) Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world.
(i) Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, new design of a product and cost reduce.

Is Management a Science:
(i) Management is an in exact science, because in pure science, the principles are put into test in a laboratory and they are either proved or disproved exactly and precisely.
(ii) Similarly the management principles can be put to test in an organization where men, machine, money, and materials (4 Ms) are practically integrated towards achieving some chosen organizational goals.
(iii) These principles cannot be exactly proved or disproved either as they tend to be flexible to changing environment, policies and practical difficulties while synchronizing them together.
(iv) Everyone believes that management is an art. No, it is not an art in Toto. Because, the concept of art denotes the learning of skills and practicing them in day to day life.
(v) To conclude, Management is neither a science nor an art, but a combination of both requiring people holding managerial positions.