(i) Employee referral: The existing employees of the organisation may recommend some of their relatives or known people who will be suitable for the existing vacancies.
(ii) Government/Public Employment Exchanges: These are exchanges established by Government which facilitates recruitment throughout the country.
(iii) Private Employment Agencies: These are similar to Public employment exchanges except that the ownership is the hands of private parties.
(iv) Employment consultancies: These types of firms facilitate recruitment on behalf of client companies at cost.
(v) Professional associations: Organisations seeking applicants of high calibre and repute with technical knowledge approach professional associations like Institute of chartered accountants, The Indian Medial association and All India Management Association etc.
(vi) Deputation: A person who is already an employee of an organisation can be deputed for a specific job for a specified period as a short term solutions.
(vii) Labour contractors: Organisations recruit unskilled and manual labourers through these contractors.

The vital resource namely human resource is Significant because of the following reasons:
(i) It is only through human resource all other resources are effectively used.
(ii) The sustainable growth of an organisation depends on the important resource called human resource.
(iii) Industrial relations depend on human resource.
(iv) Human relations is possible only through human resource.
(v) Human resource manages all other factors of production.
(vi) The skill sets of the human resources can be improved through training and development programmes.
(vii) Human resource can be utilised at all levels of management.
(viii) Human resources are well protected by legislative frame works.

(i) Regulation of Stock Exchanges
The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there.
(ii) Protection to the Investors
(a) The capital market is meaningless in the absence of the investors.
(b) The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc.
(iii) Checking the Insider Trading
(a) Insider trading means the buying and selling of securities by directors Promoters, etc.
(b) Who have access to some confidential information about the company and who wish to take advantage of this confidential information.
(c) This affects the interests of the general investors and is essential to check this tendency.
(iv) Control over Brokers
(a) It is important to supervise/ check the activities of the brokers and other middlemen in order to control the capital market.
(b) To regulate their activities, it was necessary to establish the SEBI.

Speculators in a stock market are of different types. They carry their names depending on their motive of trading in the stock exchange. Types of speculators are as follows:
(i) Bull:
(a) A Bull or Tejiwala is an operator who expects a rise in prices of securities in the future.
(b) He is called bull because just like a bull tends to throw his victim up in the air, the bull speculator stimulates the price to rise.
(c) He is an optimistic speculator.
(ii) Bear:
(a) A bear or Mandiwala speculator expects prices to fall in future and sells securities at present with a view to purchase them at lower prices in future.
(b) A bear usually presses its victim down to ground.
(c) A bear is a pessimistic speculator.
(iii) Stag:
(a) A stag is a cautious speculator in the stock exchange.
(b) He selects those companies whose shares are in more demand and are likely to carry a premium.
(c) He sells the shares before being called to pay the allotment money. He is also called a premium hunter.
(iv) Lame Duck:
(a) When a bear finds it difficult to fulfill his commitment, he is said to be struggling like a lame duck.
(b) A bear speculator contracts to sell I securities at a later date.
(c) On the appointed time he is not able to get the securities as the holders are not willing to part with them.

The process of MBO is explained below:
(i) Defining Organisational Objectives: Initially, organisational objectives are framed by the top level employees of an organisation. The definition of organisational objectives states why the business is started and exists.
(ii) Goals of Each Section : Objectives for each section, department or division are framed on the basis of overall objectives of the organisation. Goals or objectives are expressed in a meaningful manner.
(iii) Fixing Key Result Areas: Key result areas are fixed on the basis of organisational objectives premises. Key Result Areas (KRA) are arranged on a priority basis. KRA indicates the strength of an organisation.
(iv) Setting Subordinate Objectives or Targets : The objectives of each subordinate or individual are fixed. It is preferable to fix the objectives at lower level in quantitative units. There should be a free and frank discussion between the superior and his subordinates.
(v) Matching Resources with Objective : The objectives are framed on the basis of availability of resources. If certain resources (technical personnel or scarce raw material) are not adequately available, the objectives of an organisation are changes accordingly.
(vi) Periodical Review Meetings: The superior and, subordinates should hold meetings periodically in which they discuss the progress in the accomplishment of objectives.
(vii) Appraisal of Activities: At the end of the fixed period for achieving the objectives, there should be a discussion between the superior and subordinates.

The management concept can be understood from its profound characteristic features as follows:
1. Body Knowledge:
(i) Management has now developed a specialised body of management theory and philosophy.Management literature is growing in all countries.
2. Management Tools:
Tools of management have been developed such as, accounting, busines law, psychology, statistics, econometrics, data processing, etc.
3. Separate Discipline:
Management studies in many universitis and institutions of higher learning are recognised as a separate discipline.
4. Specialisation:
There is a growing tendency to select and appoint highly qualified, trained and experienced persons to manage the business in each functional area of management.
5. Code of Conduct:
Enlightened businessmen have recognised that business management is a social institution and it has social responsibilities to be fulfilled - towards customers, employees, and the public or community.
 

There are two important functions under this classification:
(i) Transportation
(ii) Storage and warehousing
(i) Transportation:
a) Transport means carrying of goods, materials and men from one place to another.
b) It plays an important role in the marketing. It creates place utility by moving goods from the place where they are available in plenty, to places where they are needed.
c) Various types of transport are used for carrying goods like a. Land transport, b. Water transport and c. Air transport.
d) Innovation, Representation, Decision-making, and Communication are the subsidiary functions of management. 
(ii) Storage and Warehousing:
a. Storage:
i) Storage is another function of marketing process and it involves the holding and preservation of goods from the time they are produced to the time they are consumed.
ii) Generally, there is a time gap between the production and consumptiop of goods.
iii) Therefore, there is need for storing so as to make the goods available to the consumers and when they are required
b. Warehousing:
Warehouses create time utility by storing the goods throughout the year and releasing them as and when they are needed. Several types of warehouses are used for storage of goods, which are as follows:
(i) Private warehouses
(ii) Public warehouses
(iii) Bonded warehouses

On the basis of geographical area can be classified into (a) Family market, (b) Local market, (c) National market, (d) International market or World market.
(a) Family market : When exchange of goods or services are confined within a family or close members of the family, such a market can be called as family market.
(b) Local market: Participation of both the buyers and sellers belonging to a local area or areas, may be a town or village, is called as local market. 
(c) National market : Certain type of commodities has demand throughout the country. Hence it is called as a national market.
(d) International market or World market: World or International market is one where the buyers and sellers of goods are from different countries i.e., involvement of buyers and sellers beyond the boundaries of a nation.

(i) Lecture Method : Under this method trainees are educated about concepts, theories, principles and application of knowledge in any particular area. Trainer are generally drawn from Colleges, Universities, Consultancies, Institutions, Manufacturing concerns, Union, etc.
(ii) Group discussion method : Group of people participate and discuss particular subject or one topic. Under this method participants are divided into various groups. They were provided a particular issue for deliberation.
(iii) Case Study Method : Trainees are described a situations which stimulate their interest to find solution. They have to use their theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge to find solution to the problem presented
(iv) Role Play Method: Under this method trainees are explained the situation and assigned roles. They have to act out the roles assigned without any rehearsal. There is no pre-prepared dialogues.
(v) Field Trip Method : A held trip or field work or training in the field is a journey undertake by a group of employees trainees to a place away from their actual work site. This method helps the trainees to strengthen their theoretical knowledge obtained in a class room environment by practical exposure.

Personality test comprises of following tests:
(i) Interest test:  Interest test measures a candidate's extent of interest in a particular area chosen by him/her so that organization can assign the job suited to his/her in term.
(ii) Personality Inventory test: Under this method standardise questionnaire is administered to the candidate to find out traits like interpersonal rapport, dominance, intravertness, extravertness, self confidence, lower sign quality etc.
(iii) Projective Test/Thematic appreciation test : This test measures the candidate's values, attitude apprehensive personality etc. out of the interpretation or narration given by the candidate to the pictures, figures etc. shown to him in the test situation.
(iv) Attitude test : This test measures candidate's tendencies towards the people, situation, action and related things. For example, moral study and values study.