(i) Functional school sees management as a process of planning, organising, directing and controlling.
(ii) Behavioural school is not interested in the process only but rather in the way the process affects the organisation, i.e., with and through personnel or human resouse
(iii) Quantitative school wants to improve the quality of decision making, i.e., fulfilling the stated objectives of the enterprise.
(iv) Systems approach concentrates on the entire organisation, i.e., inputs - process - outputs,
(v) Contingency approach emphasises dynamic nature of management process in an everchanging business environment.

The two terms 'management' and 'administration' are used inter changeably.
(i) While management is more executive in nature. But the concept of administration denotes the art of decision - making.
(ii) Management is all about plans, actions, but the administration is concerned with framing policies and setting objectives.
(iii) The manager looks after the management of the organisation, whereas administration is responsible for the administration of the organisation.

(i) The substance of management should be identified as a process
(ii) A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
(iii) A process also implies on going and unceasing cyclical operations.
(iv) In management, we have planning - action - control cycle.
(v) A process indicates the dynamic nature of management.
(iv) It also implies that change is a constant reality of organisational life and management is the management of change.