The toolbox contains a range of tools that can be used for specific drawing and editing tasks.
(i) Some tools are used to draw shapes, and other tools are used to apply colors, patterns, or
(ii) fills to objects, Some tools belong to flyouts.
(iii) They are groups of related tools.
(iv) A small arrow which is in the lower right comer of a toolbox button indicates that the tool belongs to a flyout.
(v) The last-used tool in the flyout appears on the button.

(i) The document window is the central area that represents the open InDesign document.
(ii) It resembles a piece of paper and is surrounded by a black border. The black border represents the page border.

To rejoin the two text blocks
(i) Place the cursor on the bottom handle of the second text block, click and drag the bottom handle up to the top.
(ii) Then place the cursor on the bottom handle of the first text block, and click and drag the bottom handle down if necessary.

To start AutoCAD 2016,
(i) double-click the AutoCAD 2016- English icon on your Desktop (or)
(ii) Click Start > All Programs > Autodesk > AutoCAD 2016 > AutoCAD 2016 - English.

  Adobe Flash Professional CS6 is a software used to create animations.
i) It contains tools that can be used to draw basic objects and to create scenes.
ii) It is developed by Adobe systems.

(i) AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format),
(ii) WMA (Windows Media Audio),
(iii) RA (Real Audio Format),
(iv) WAY (Waveform Audio File Format),
(v) MP3 (MPEG Layer-S Format)

To create a New Document
(i) Click on New Document button in the Welcome Screen window.
(ii) Now Create a New Document dialog box appears. It lets you specify a wide range of document properties.
(iii) You can name the document, set the page size, select a color mode such as CMYK or ROB, and set color profiles.
(iv) Click on OK button.

A workspace is where your work is created. Workspaces typically include an area designated for creating a finished product, much like a painter would use a canvas to create a painting.

(i) All text in PageMaker resides inside containers called text blocks.
(ii) A Text block can be connected to other text block so that the text in one text block can flow into another text block.

WMV (Windows Media video) is a generic name for video encoding solutions developed by Microsoft.
(i) The format is a part of the Windows Media framework that also includes formats like Windows Media Audio (WMA), Advanced Systems Format (ASF) and High Definition Photo (HDP). 
(ii)  WMV files use the Microsoft container format and represent Microsoft's own version of MPEG-4 (Part 2) video encoding technology.

Status bar is the area at the bottom of the document window.
i) It displays information about selected object properties such as type, size, colour, fill type and outline.
ii) The status bar also displays the current mouse position in the document window.

The Page tool is used for creating different page sizes within a document.
(i) To create a different page size, press Shift+P to select the Page tool, and click the page in the layout to select it.
(ii) Then use the options in the Control page to change the page layout.

(i) There are so many drawing tools in PageMaker.
(ii) Line tool, Rectangle tool, Ellipse tool and Polygon tool are four main drawing tools.

LINE:
LINE Specify first point: Start point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Position the cursor and then enter distance.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Position the cursor and then enter distance.
CIRCLE:
Drawing a Circle by Specifying Center and
Diameter
1. Click Home > Draw > Circle > Center, Radius on the ribbon.
2. Select an arbitrary point in the graphics window to specify the center point:
3. Type a value as the radius and press ENTER.
ERASE:
Method 1
Select the Erase command first and then select the objects to be erased.
Press Enter Key and the objects selected will disappear.
Method 2
Select the object to be erased.
Press the Delete Key.

Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
(i) In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation.
(ii) Animation tools are very powerful and effective.
(iii) The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.

To add arrowhead to a line
(i) Using the Freehand tool draw a line.
(ii) Select the line.
(iii) Click the drop-down button on the End Arrowhead Selector on the Property tool bar.
(iv) Then click the desired arrow tip.
Now the line appears with an arrow.
You can set the line style, width, and the colour of the line using the Properties bar.

Making Characters Superscript or Subscript
You can change the text in Superscript or Subscript from Control palette:
(i) Select the character that you want to change Superscript or Subscript.
(ii) Click on one of the buttons in the Control palette.
 Superscript (T²)
 Subscript (H₂O)
(iii) The character you selected changes to the required one.

Rejoining split blocks To rejoin the two text blocks
1. Place the cursor on the bottom handle of the second text block, click and drag the bottom handle up to the top.
2. Then place the cursor on the bottom handle of the first text block, and click and drag the bottom handle down if necessary.

This tool is used to draw ovals and circles.
To use the Oval tool, follow the steps.
1. Click the Oval Tool( O) on the tools panel.
2. From the Property Inspector panel, select the desired stroke colour, thickness, style and fill colour of the oval.
3. Position the mouse pointer on the stage where you want the oval. The mouse pointer changes to a plus sign(+). Keeping the mouse button pressed, drag the mouse to draw the oval.
4. Release the mouse button when you get an oval of the desired size. You can also draw a circle using the Oval Tool by just pressing and holding the Shift key while dragging the mouse.

Internet Explorer for Windows.
(i) Browse normally to the web page you want as your home page.
(ii) Pull down the "Tools" menu of Internet Explorer.
(iii) Select "Internet Options."
(iv) The "General" tab appears. 
(v) You'll see the "Home page" box at the top.
(vi) Click the "Use Current" button in that box.
(vii) Click "OK."
(viii) Close and open Internet Explorer. You should see your new home page.

(i) When you press Ctrl-P, InDesign displays the Print dialog box. 
(ii) There are so many features packed into this dialog box that Adobe had to break it up into eight different panes, each listed along the left side of the dialog box:
(iii) General, Setup, Marks and Bleeds, Output, Graphics, Color Management, Advanced, and Summary.
Printers:
(i) Before you go anywhere in the Print dialog box, you've got to make one or two important decisions. 
(ii) First, you must choose from the options on the Printer pop-up menu, which lists the printers you have installed on your computer.
(iii) When you choose a printer, InDesign looks to the printer driver to see what PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file is associated with that printer, and it displays it-grayed out-in the PPD pop-up menu. In the case of a non-PostScript device, InDesign leaves this pop-up menu blank.
General: 
The General pane of the Print dialog box contains basic printing features: which pages do you want to print, how many copies do you want, and how do you want them to come out of the printer.


Copies: 
(i) Enter the number of copies of page you want to print in the Copies field. You can print up to 9999 copies of your publication.
Collate: 
(i) When you turn on the Collate option, InDesign prints the range of pages you've specified, in order, for each copy of the publication you print. This makes for much slower printing.
(ii) When you print  multiple copies of a page, your printer only needs to process each page once (and then prints multiple copies of the page using the same image); 
(iii) when you turn on the Collate option, your printer must process each page once for every copy of the print job.
Reverse Order: 
(i) When you print a multipage document, do you want the first page to come out first or last? Turning on the Reverse Order check box tells InDesign to print the last page first, then print "backwards" to the first page.
(ii) You'll want to turn this on if your pages come out of the laser printer face up.
Page Ranges:
(i) Turn on the All Pages option to print all of the pages in the publication.
(ii) To print a range of pages, turn on the Rang option. Enter the page range in the Range field as shown in the following Table.

Sequence:
(i) To print even and odd pages, select the All Pages option from the Sequence pop-up menu; to print even pages, select Even Pages Only; and to print odd pages select Odd Pages Only. 
(ii) These choices affect all page ranges, including page ranges you've entered in the Range field.
Print Master Pages:
(i) Sometimes you need to print your master pages instead of your document pages. No problem: Just turn on the Print Master Pages check box.
(ii) When you do this, you cannot specify page ranges. InDesign prints all the master pages in the document.
Print Blank Pages:
(i) What happens when you print a three-page document that has nothing. on page 2? By default, only pages 1 and 3 print out. If you want the blank page 2 to print, too, you'd better turn on the Print Blank Pages check box.
Print:
(i) Finally press the Print button to print the document.

Table 1.1 Keyboard Movement Keys

Table 1.1 Keyboard Shortcuts

The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery of multimedia data.
Text Formats:
RTF
(i) Rich Text Format is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.
Plain text
(i) Plain text files can be opened, read and edited with most text editors. Commonly used are Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac as X) and so on.
(ii) Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and popular way of conveying an e-mail.
Image Formats:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
(i) This format is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages.
(ii) Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.
BMP (Bitmap)
(i) Initially this format is in use with Windows 3.1. It is quite large and uncompressed and hence BMP is used for the high-resolution or large images.
DIB (Device Independent Bitmap)
(i) This format which is similar to BMP, allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
(i) GIF is a compressed image format. Most of the computer color images and backgrounds are GIF files.
(ii) This file format is best suitable for graphics that uses only limited colors, and it is the most popular format used for online color photos.
(iii) 13-bit Color look up table is used by the GIF format to identify its color values. This format is supported widely.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
(i) JPEG was designed to attain maximum image compression.
(ii) It uses lossy compression technique, where a compression method is referred that loses some of the data required for the image reconstruction.
(iii) It works good with photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material but functions less on lettering, live drawings or simple cartoons.
TGA (Targa)
(i) It is the first popular format for high resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
(i) An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster Images.
(ii) PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF.
(iii) PNG works good with online viewing applications like worldwide web, so it is fully streameable with a best display option.
Digital Audio File Formats:
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
(i) It is the most popular audio file format in windows for storing uncompressed sound files.
(ii) In order to attain the reduced file size it can also be converted to other file formats like MP3.
MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format)
(i) MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music.
(ii) The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.
OGG
(i) A free, open source container format that is designed for obtaining better streaming and evolving at high end quality digital multimedia.
(ii) it can be compared to MP3 files in terms of quality.
AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
(i) A standard audio file format used by Apple which is like a WAY file for the Mac.
WMA (Windows Media Audio)
(i) It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.
RA (Real Audio Format) 
(i) Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet.
(ii) The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer's hard drive or CD/DVD.
Besides the variety of audio file formats available, the most common formats are wave files (.WAV) and MPEG Layer-3 files (.MP3), WMA and RA.
Digital Video File Formats
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave)
(i) AVI is the video file format for Windows.
(ii) Here sound and picture elements are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
(i) MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people.
(ii) The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web.
(iii) MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on MPEG-21 "Multimedia Framework" has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

1. Conceptual Analysis and Planning
(i) The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point.
(ii) Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget arid content availability on that selected theme.
(iii) Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.
2. Project design:
(i) Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project.
(ii) General statements are termed as goals.
(iii) The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives.
(iv) Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective.
(v) These activities contribute to the Project design phase.
3. Pre-production:
(i)  Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.
(ii) The following are the steps involved in pre-production:
4. Budgeting:
(i) Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.
5. Multimedia Production Team:
(i) The production team for a highend multimedia project requires a team efforts,
(ii) The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Scriptwriter, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

CorelDRAW allows you fit a string of text to any path a straight or curved line, a rectangle, an ellipse, or another letter or text string.
To fit text to a path, use the Fit
Text to Path command in the Text menu.
(i) It becomes available only when you select both a text object and a non-text object at the same time.
(ii) A text string can be fitted to the "path" traced by the second object's outline, as shown in the following examples:
To fit text to a path: 
(i) Select the text object and the second object using the Pick tool and the Shift key.
(ii) Choose Fit Text To Path from the Text menu.
(iii) The text is redrawn along the path of the second object.
(iv) You can remove the path object with the Delete command when the text is positioned correctly.
To remove the path object
(i) Select the Shape tool and click on the path object.
(ii) Then Select the Pick tool and click on the path object.
(iii) Now press the Delete key. The path object is deleted.
Entering Text Directly onto a Path 
(i) Text can be entered directly onto most paths - curves, rectangles, ellipses, shapes, and stars.
To enter text directly onto a path 
(i) Using the Pick tool, select the path.
(ii) Choose Text> Fit text to path in the menu bar.
(iii) Move the text cursor over the outline, of the target shape. The pointer changes to the Fit text to path pointer.
(iv) Click on it.
(v) Type along the path.

Creating Graphic Frame
(i) Graphic frame can hold graphic content.
(ii) You can distinguish a text frame from a normal graphic frame because the graphic frames display a non-printing 'X' in their centres.
(iii) Graphic frames are used to import pictures of other software programs. In InDesign, all imported images are contained within graphic frames.
(iv) The Tools panel contains three tools for drawing graphic frames.
1. Ellipse Frame - This tool lets you create oval and round frames.
2. Rectangle Frame - This tool lets you create rectangular and square frames.
3. Polygon Frame - This tool lets you create equilateral polygons frames.
To create a Rectangle frame
1. Click on the Rectangle Frame tool in the Tools panel (or) Press F in the keyboard.
2. Position the Rectangle Frame tool pointer on the page.
3. Drag to create a rectangle frame that is approximately the size and shape you want, then release the mouse button.
When you release the mouse button after creating a Rectangle frame, the frame you created is active.
If the Selection tool was previously selected, the frame is displayed within its bounding box, which contains eight resizing handles, which help you to change the shape or size of the bounding box or the frame.

Creating a Rectangle frame
Inserting Picture in Graphic Frame
Graphic frames are used to import pictures of other software programs. You can insert the picture in the frame.
1. Make a graphic frame.
2. Choose File > Place in the menu.
The Place dialog box appears.
3. Locate and select the picture you want to insert the frame.
4. Click on Open.
The picture will appear in the graphic frame.

Drawing a Star using Polygon tool To draw a Star
1. Click on the Polygon tool from the toolbox. The cursor changes to a crosshair.
2. Click and drag anywhere on the screen. As you drag, a Polygon appears.
3. Release the mouse button when the Polygon is of the desired size.
4. Choose Element > Polygon Settings in the menu bar.