USA, Italy, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Ireland and Portugal joined the five Brussels Treaty Powers resulting in the formation of NATO.

1. An English language education system;
2. An examination-based civil service;
3. A judicial system with provincial courts;
4. A system of municipal and provincial governments based on election, and finally an elected national Legislature.

In 1925, representatives of the chief 'European powers met at Locarno, a Swiss town, where Germany and France agreed to respect the Rhine frontiers, as established in the Versailles treaty.

The nine states that opposed the Central powers were: Russia, France, Britain, Italy, the United States, Belgium, Serbia, Romania and Greece.

The leading powers of the time, Holland, France and England, became major colonial powers with access to overseas markets.

1. Persons who leave their own country in order to settle in another for political reasons.
2. In the present context, the nobles who fled France in the years following the French Revolution came to be called emigres.

The revolt of colonies against England was a direct consequence of England's intervention in the Seven Years' War.

1. The Northern states, on the other hand, were devoid of agricultural farmlands.
2. They created mills for cutting timber, ship-building and milling the grains.
3. Iron and textiles were also manufactured. The harbours promoted sea-borne trade.

1. Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics. Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus.
2. They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

Tenancy reform legislation was aimed at achieving three ends:
1. to regulate the rent;
2. to secure the rights of the tenant;
3. to confer ownership rights on the tenants by expropriating the land owners.

1. Zamindars in various parts of the country challenged the constitutionality of the zamindari abolition laws in court.
2. The government then passed two amendments to the Constitution, the First Amendment in 1951 and the Fourth Amendment in 1955 which pre-empted the right of Zamindars to question the takeover of their land or the value of the compensation.

1) The shortage of food grains was acute by the 1960s, and the government therefore switched to the technological alternative of improving agriculture through the introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds and investment in major irrigation, chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
2) This succeeded in ensuring food security in India, but also had negative effects on the environment.

The Commission recommended the following States to constitute the Indian Union: Madras, Kerala, Karnataka, Hyderabad, Andhra, Bombay, Vidharbha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir.

To make a constitution that contained the idealism that marked the freedom struggle and the meaning of swaraj, as specified in the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed by the Indian National Congress at its Karachi session (March 1931).

Mountbatten who succeeded Wavell came to India as Viceroy to effect the partition plan and transfer of power.

1) Before the World War I, Britain had promised to safeguard the interests of the Caliph as well the Kaaba (the holiest seat of Islam).
2) But after Turkey's defeat in the War, they refused to keep their word.
3) The stunned Muslim community showed its displeasure to the British government by starting the Khilafat movement to secure the Caliphate in Turkey.

1) A Sikh teenager who was raised at Khalsa Orphanage named Udham Singh saw the happening in his own eyes.
2) To avenge the killings of Jallianwalla Bagh, on 30 March 1940, he assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in Caxton Hall of London. Udham Singh was hanged at Pentonville jail, London

Home Rule Movement declined after Besant accepted the proposed Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms and Tilak went to Britain in September 1918 to pursue the libel case that he had filed against Valentine Chirol, the author of Indian Unrest.

1) In 1906, V.O.C registered a joint stock company called The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC) with a capital of Rs 10 Lakh, divided into 40,000 shares of Rs. 25 each.
2) Shares were open only to Indians, Ceylonese and other Asian nationals. V.O.C purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe.

1) Tagore called for economic self- development and insisted that education should be provided in swadeshi languages
2) He also made the call for utilising melas, or fairs, to spread the message of atmashakti.
3) This became the creed of the whole of Bengal and swadeshi shops sprang all over the place selling textiles, handlooms, soaps, earthenware, matches and leather goods.

1. In England, industrial depression and high food prices.
2. So a great demonstration was organised by the radical leader Henry Hunt.
3. The magistrates, who were alarmed by the size and mood of the crowd, ordered the cavalry corps to attack the crowd.

1. Clergy, Nobility, and the commoners.
2. The clergy and the nobility were exempted from various taxes.
3. Out of the three divisions, only the third estate bore the brunt of taxation.

1. At the Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
2. Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
3. With this victory the northern colonies became free.

1. Following the Boston Massacre, about 100 activists dressed like Native Americans.
2. They boarded the three ships carrying tea and threw 342 boxes into sea at Boston.
3. This incident came to be called the Boston Tea Party.

1. The Nazi state of Hitler, known as the Third Reich.
2. It brought an end to the parliamentary democracy.
3. As a result Germany was converted into a highly centralised state.

1. Nihilism represented a revolt against the established social order.
2. It rejected all authority exercised by the state, church and by the family.
3. It based its belief only on scientific truth.

1. The Bulgarians felt injured and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
2. The passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
3. Anti-Austrian struggle in Serbia and Bosnia became ever more militant.

1. Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, realised that a reconciliationbetween France and Germany was good for both and for reconstruction of post-War Europe.
2. He presented a plan known as Schuman Plan on 9 May 1950.
3. Accordingly, he proposed that the joint output of coal and steel in the two countries be placed within the framework of a strong, supranational structure, the High Authority.
4. This plan for sectoral economic integration created mutual interests and automatically linked the two countries. West Germany's Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, welcomed the plan to come close to the Western world.

1. The Korean War of 1950-53 and the Vietnam Wars of 1955-75 were classic examples of the Cold War period.
2. In both case Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in North Vietnam and the United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
3. These wars resulted in huge casualties and losses, and turned out to be civil wars as well.
4. International opinion was mobilised in these wars, and anti-Vietnam protests made a profound impact on the politics, society and culture of the US and western Europe.

1. The General Assembly at the initiative of US passed the 'Uniting for Peace resolution'.
2. This clearly set the precedent that if the Security Council could not reach an agreement to intervene in a crisis, then the General Assembly should meet in emergency session and reconned the use of armed force if necessary.
3. USSR regarded this resolution as illegal.
4. The fighting ended with the signing of an armistice in July 1953.

1. Livery was the system of giving badges or uniform to the followers of nobles.
2. Maintenance was the system of protecting the interests of the followers by the nobles.
3. Star Chamber was the court of law created by Henry VII to try cases related to the property of the nobles.
4. It is named after the stars painted on the ceiling of a room in Westminster Palace, where the proceedings of the court were conducted.

1. The pope tried to hold peace talks with Luther by calling him for Diet of Worms. If failed.
2. The Diet of Worms disavowed his books and burnt them.
3. He was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire by the emperor. Martin Luther's radical views influenced many and one such was Thomas Muntzer who fought for a classless society.
4. This started the Peasant's Rebelling in parts of Germany. However, Luther supported the feudal lords in this fight and denounced the peasant movement.

1. Florence is one of the city states in Italy which was influenced by a powerful merchant family called medici.
2. Cosimo de Medici who was engaged in banking with many branches across Italy had indirect control over the functioning of the government between 1434 and 1464.
3. After his death, his grandson Lorenzo took over and controlled the government. He was known as Lorenzo, the Magnificent.
4. During this period, the Medici family patronised many artists including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.

1. The Gilded age was also an era of intense mass mobilisation of working classes.
2. Socialist and labour movements emerged in many countries as a mass phenomenon.
3. The expansion of industrialisation resulted in wage growth.

1. The Carbonari, advocating liberal and patriotic ideas.
2. They kept alive the ideas of liberalism and nationalism
3. As a result Revolts broke out in Naples, Piedmont and Lombardy.

1. In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified during Elizabethan period.
2. This act provided a relief for the aged, sick, and poor infants.
3. This act also provided a relief for the capable unemployed in workhouses.

1. The workers dared to oppose the government to shut down the shops created by the efforts of Louis Bane.
2. So, between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed in france.
3. Eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.

1. In Philippines, Cavite uprising, was crushed served to promote the nationalist cause.
2. A number of Filipino intellectuals were arrested.
3. After a brief trial, three priests were publicly executed.

1. The first organisation that expressed clear nationalism in the East Indies was BoediOetomo.
2. It turned out to be a cultural body, consisting mainly of civil servants and students from Java.
3. Boedi Oetomo soon became defunct and a more popular political society Sarekat.

1. United States declared war on Japan.
2. Thus making it an absolute second world war.
3. Britain and China joined the US.

1. In Disarmament Conference, The issue was the German rearmament plan on a par with France.
2. The French refused to agree to this proposal.
3. As a result, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.

1) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
2) He launched the 'Mahad Satyagraha' to establish the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 to several cities in India was also boycotted.
2)  The calculation of the colonial government that the visit of the Prince would evoke loyal sentiments of the Indian people was proved wrong.

1) The English Education act was passed by the council of india in 1835.
2) T.B Macaulay drafted this system of education introduced in India.
3) Consequently, the colonial administration started schools, Colleges and Universities, imparting English and modern education, in India.
4) The colonial government Expected this section of educated  Indians to be the loyal to the british and act as the pillars of the british Raj. 

1) Abolition of custom duty on cotton manufactures imported from England and levy of excise duty on cotton fabrics manufactured in india created nationwide discontent.
2) During the viceroyalty of Ripon the indian judges were empowered through the IIbert Bill to try the europeans.
3) Bit in the face of resistance from the Europeans the bill was amended to suit the European interests.

1) The indigo revolt of 1859-60 was one of the responses from the Indian farmer to the oppressive policy of the British.
2) Indian tenants were forced to grow indigo by their planters who were mostly Europeans. Used to dye the clothes indigo was in high demand in Europe.

Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army in Malaya, approached the Japanese for help and they found in this an opportunity. Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the Indian National Army by the end of 1942.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.

The idea of separate nation for Muslims.