1) In the First World War the Sultan of Turkey sided with the Triple Alliance against the allied powers and attacked Russia.
2) The Sultan was also the Caliph and was the custodian of the Islamic sacred places.
3) After the war, Britain decided to weaken the position of Turkey and the Treaty of Sevres was signed.
4)  The eastern part of the Turkish Empire such as Syria and Lebanon were mandated to France, while Palestine and Jordan became British protectorates.
5) Thus the allied powers decided to end the caliphate.

1. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the King of Portugal, Tom Jovo, fled to his colony, Brazil.
2. But later, his power was challenged in Portugal.
3. So he decided to go to Portugal leaving the colony of Brazil in the hands of his son DomPedro.
4. In 1822, Brazil obtained independence from Portugal.
5. It became the only constitutional monarchy in SouthAmerica.

1. Britain recognised the freedom colonies and the formation of the United States of America.
2. France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
3. Spain obtained Florida from Great Britain
4. Holland and England maintained the status quo that prevailed before the war.

1. Nicholas encouraged Russian expansion in Manchuria, provoking a war with Japan in1904.
2. The resulting Russian defeat led to strikes and riots.
3. Opposition to the Tsar grew Consequences.
4. Nicholas was forced to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, the Duma.
5. The left-wing parties that formed a soviet of workers delegates in St Petersburg.

1. At Dumbarton Oaks, representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom met and formulated proposals for a world organisation.
2. The Moscow declaration recognised the need for an international organisation to replace the League of Nations.
3. Decisions on the voting system in security council and a few other issues were raised in Yalta Conference.
4. After holding deliberations and negotiations at the San Francisco conference, the Charter of the United Nations was finalised.

(i) John Cabot, an Itali are explorer saw the Canada and made it an English colony.
(ii) Giovanni da Verrazano, another Italian, explored the lands for the French.
(iii) He annexed provinces for the French in eastern Canada.
(iv) An English explorer named Henry Hudson wanted to find the passage from North America to the Pacific Ocean.

1. The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle. 
2. The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
3. In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
4. There was also a dock strike in the port of London.

1. The Holy Roman Empire' was an empire only in name.
2. Germany contained three of four hundred separate States.
3. It was their kings who saved these countries from feudal anarchy and made them into nations.
4. Conditions suitable for the rise of Italy and Germany as nation states developed only in the nineteenth century.

1. The working classes were initially unorganised and therefore who llyat the mercy of their employers.
2. Soon they began to feel that without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was possible.
3. So they strove to establish trade unions.
4. This trade unions, was a form of socialism which to attack the states and the welfare of the workers.

1. The German approach was emulated in East Asia by Japan.
2. It had already taken Taiwan and Korea as colonies, and controlled Manchuria.
3. It's began to cast its covetous eye over Dutch East Indies, the British colonies in Malaya and Singapore.
4. In this way the French colonies in Indochina and the US-controlled Philippines.

1) Gandhi attended the Second RTC but the government was adamant and declined to concede his demands.
2) He returned empty handed and the Congress resolved on renewing the civil disobedience movement.
3) The economic depression had worsened the condition of the people in general and of the peasants in particular.
4) There were peasant protests all over the country. The leftists were in the forefront of the struggles of the workers and peasants.
5) The government was determined to crush the movement. All key leaders including Nehru.

pro-changers
1) After suspension of Non-cooperation, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a new line of activity.
2) They wanted to return to active politics which included entry into electoral politics and demonstrate that the nationalists were capable of obstructing the working of the reformed legislature by capturing them and arousing nationalist spirit.
3) This group came to be called the 'Swarajists and pro-changers'. In Tamil Nadu, Satyamurti joined this group.
4) The pro-changers launched the Swarajya party as a part of the Congress.
no changers
1) There was another group which opposed council entry and wanted to continue the Gandhian line by mobilizing the masses.
2) This team led by Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad was called 'No changers'.
3)  They argued that electoral politics would divert the attention of nationalists and pull them away from the work of mass mobilization and their issues.
4) They favoured the continuation of the Gandhian constructive programme of spinning, temperance, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability and mobilise rural masses and prepare them for new mass movements.

1) Under this arrangement all important subjects like law and order and finance 'reserved' for the white men and were directly under the control of the Governors.
2) Other subjects such as health, educations and local self-government were 'transferred' to elected Indian representatives.
3) Ministers holding 'transferred subjects were responsible to the legislatures; but those in charge of 'reserved' subjects were not further the Governor of the province could overrule the ministers under' special (veto) powers,' thus making a mockery of the entire scheme.
4) The part dealing with central legislature in the act created two houses of legislature (bi-cameral).

The demands of the Khilafat Movement were presented by Mohammad Ali to the diplomats in Paris in March 1920. They were:
1)  The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.,
2) The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan and should be controlled by him.
3) The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and
4) The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty

1) Dadabhai Naoroji's major contribution to the Indian nationalist movement was his book Poverty and Un-Bntish Rule of the British in India (1901). In this book, he put forward the concept of 'drain of wealth'.
2) He stated that in any country the tax raised would have been spent for the wellbeing of the people of that country.
3) But in British India, taxes collected in India were spent for the welfare of England Naoroji argued that India had exported an average of 13 million pounds worth of goods to Britain each year from 1835 to 1872 with no corresponding return.
4) The goods were in lieu of payments for profits to Company shareholders living in Britain, guaranteed interest to investors in railways, pensions to retired officials and generals, interest for the money borrowed from England to meet war expenses for the British conquest of territories in India as well as outside India
5) All these, going in the name of Home Charges, Naoroji asserted, made up a loss of 30 million pounds a year.

G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu, Rangiah, Balaji Rao and Salem Ramaswamy.

1) The introduction of printing press in India was an event of great significance. It helped people to spread, modem ideas of self-government, democracy, civil rights and industrialisation.
2) The press became the critic of politics. It addressed the people on several issues affecting the country.
3) Raja Rammohan Roy's Sam bad Kaumudi (1821) in Bengali and Mirat-Ul-Akbar (1822) in Persian played a progressive role in educating the people on issues of public importance.
4) Later on a number of nationalist and vernacular news papers came to be launched to build public opinion and they did yeomen service in fostering nationalist consciousness.
5) Among them Amrit Bazaar Patrika, The Bombay Chronicle, The Tribune, The Indian Mirror, The Hindu and Swadesamitran were prominent.

1) The purpose was to provide rural households with assets which would improve their economic position, so that they would be able to come out of poverty.
2) These could be improvements to the land, supply of cows or goats for dairying or help to set up small shops or other trade-related businesses.
3) The capital cost of the assets provided was covered by subsidies and loans varied based on economic situation of the family receiving assistance.
4) The functioning and the effects of IRDP were assessed by many economists as well as government bodies.
5) The ultimate conclusion was that the programme did not really deliver on the benefits that were intended,
6) The programme was restructured in 1999 as a programme to promote self-employment of the rural poor.

Tenancy reform legislation was aimed at achieving three ends:
(i) to regulate the rent;
(ii) to secure the rights of the tenant;
(iii) to confer ownership rights on the tenants by expropriating the land of the landowners.

1) The challenges before free India included grappling with the consequences of partition, planning the economy and reforming the education system, making a Constitution that reflected the aspirations kindled by the freedom struggle, merger of the Princely states, and resolving the diversity on the basis of languages spoken by the people with the needs of a nation-state.
2) Further, a foreign policy that was in tune with the ideals of democracy, sovereignty and fraternity had to be formulated.

1) Patel had been negotiating with the Maharaja of Kashmir since 1946, Hari Singh was opposed to accession.
2) However, in a few months after independence - in October 1947 - marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir and there was no way that Maharaja Hari Singh could resist this attack on his own. Before India went to his rescue the Instrument of Accession was signed by him at the instance of Patel.
3) Thus Kashmir too became an integral part of the Indian Union.

The viceroy issued invitations on 151 June 1946 to the 14 men to join the interim government. Among them,
1. Mohammed Ali Jinnah,
2. Liaquat Ali Khan,
3. Mohammed Ismail Khan,
4. Khwaja Sir Nazimuddin and
5. Abdul Rab Nishtar,
were the Muslim League representatives invited to the Interim Government.

1) Cripps promised Dominion Status and a constitution-making body after the war.
2) The constitution making body was to be partly elected by the provincial assemblies and nominated members from the Princely states.
3) The draft also spelt out the prospect of Pakistan.
4) It said that any province that was not prepared to accept the new constitution would have the right to enter into a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.
5) The draft did not contain anything new.
6) Nehru recalled later: 'When I read these proposals for the first time I was profoundly depressed.

Communalism:
1) Organising a religious group on the basis of its hostility towards the followers of other religions to fight even material issues.
2) Communalism as an ideology or movement has been defined in various ways by various scholars.
3) According to Nehru, communalism is one of the obvious examples of backward-looking people trying to hold on to something that is wholly out of place in the modem world and is essentially opposed to the concept of nationalism.
4) According to another scholar, communalism denotes organised attempt of a group to bring about change in the face of resistance from other groups or the government through collective mobilisation based on a narrow ideology.

Centrally organized political parties exclusively for Muslims, had the following objectives:
1) To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty to the British Government, and remove any misconception that may arise as to the instruction of Government with regard to any of its measures.
2) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims of India, and to respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government.
3) To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feeling of hostility towards other communities without prejudice to the aforementioned objects of the League.