Poor Laws:
In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified (1597-98) during Elizabethan period, provided relief for the aged, sick, and infant poor, as well as work for the able-bodied unemployed in workhouses.

(i) Between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed and eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.
(ii) The period came to be known as the bloody June days.

(i) Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) made the most profound contribution to socialism;
(ii) Eventually their ideas came to be known as Marxism or Communism. They called their views on socialism as scientific socialism.

(i) Popularrevolts in Naples (1820) and Spain (1822) were suppressed with the aid of foreign troops, Austrian in the case of former and French in the latter case.
(ii) There was little liberty in any European country.

The Risorgimento (the resurrection of Italian spirit) was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people.

Bismarck remarked:
Not through speeches and resolutions of majorities will the mighty problems of the age be solved, but by blood and iron

1. The manifesto declared that the French Revolution of 1789 only brought about political equality.
2. It's also declared that it did not have economic equality.
3. They wanted to represent the working class.

1. Universal suffrage.
2. Voting by ballot, to prevent intimidation.
3. No property qualification for candidates.
4. Payment of members elected to the House of Commons.
5. Equal electoral districts and equal representation.
6. Annual parliaments.