chromosphere

exosphere

Photosphere

stratosphere

chromosphere

stratosphere

photosphere

thermo sphere

line spectra

continuous absorption spectra

fraunhofer spectra

band absorption spectra

Microwaves U-V rays, X-rays

Radio waves, visible light and 1-R rays

gamma rays U-V rays radio waves

gamma rays, U-V rays radio waves

White light

U- V radiation

I-R radiation

Microwaves

54 MHz to 89 MHz

54 MHz to 890 MHz

54 MHz to 89 MHz

54 MHz to 80 MHz

V_g x m

V_g > V_k > V_m

V_g > V_x < V_m

V_g= V_x= V_m

6mm

60m

6000 mm

60 cm

\(\frac { { L }^{ 2 } }{ { T }^{ 2 } } \)

\(\frac { { T }^{ 2 } }{ { L }^{ 2 } } \)

\(\frac { T }{ L } \)

\(\frac { L }{ T } \)

1.5

0.5

1.33

1.73

energy

charge

momentum

information

Radio waves

IR

X-rays

visible

static charge

moving charge

an accelerating charge

chargeless particles

J.C.Bose

Marconi

Maxwell

Hertz

in phase and perpendicular to each other

out of phase and not perpendicular to each other

in phase and not perpendicular to each other

out of phase and perpendicular to each other

0.3 x 10⁻¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

3 x 10⁻¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

0.3 x 10¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

3 x 10¹⁴ rad s^-1

α - rays

β - rays

\(\gamma\) - rays

all of them

\(\oint { \vec { E } .d\vec { A } } =\frac { { Q }_{ enclosed } }{ { \in }_{ 0 } } \)

\(\oint { \vec { B } .d\vec { A } } \) = 0

\(\oint { \vec { B } .d\vec { l } } ={ \mu }_{ 0 }{ i }_{ c}+{ \mu }_{ 0 }{ \in }_{ 0 }\frac { d }{ dt } \oint_s { \vec { E } .d\vec { A } } \)

\(\oint { \vec { E } .d\vec { l } } =-\frac { d }{ dt } { \Phi }_{ B }\)

microwave

gamma rays

X- rays

infrared