(i) Copper releasing IUD - Multiload 375 CuT 380.
(ii) Hormone - releasing IUD - LNG-20.
(iii) Non-medicated IUD - Lippes loop.

Menstrual cycles resume as early as 6 to 8 weeks from parturition. However, the reappearance of normal ovarian cycles may be delayed for six months during breastfeeding. This delay in ovarian cycles is called lactational amenorrhoea. It serves as a natural but an unreliable form of birth control.

Foetoscope is used to monitor the foetal heart rate and other functions during late pregnancy and labour. The average foetal heart rate is between 120 and 160 beats per minute. An abnormal foetal heart rate or pattern may mean that the foetus is not getting enough oxygen and it indicates other problems. A hand-held doppler device is often used during prenatal visits to count the foetal heart rate. During labour, continuous electronic foetal monitoring is often used.

Yes. Government of India legalized MTP in 1971 for medical necessity and social consequences with certain restrictions like sex discrimination and illegal female foeticides to avoid its misuse. MTP performed illegally by unqualified quacks is unsafe and could be fatal. MTP of the first conception may have serious psychological consequences

The method I suggest is Artificial lnsemination Technique (AI)
1. In AI, the semen is collected either from the husband or a healthy donor and then artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI- Intra Uterine Insemination) of the female.
2. It is commonly used in cases where male partner are unable to inseminate the female due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculate.

Causes for male infertility:
(i) Undescended tests and swollen veins in scrotum
(ii) Underdeveloped testes
(iii) Tight clothing increases the temperature in scrotum and affect sperm production.
(iv) Autoimmune response against own sperm.
(v) Usage of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana drugs etc.
Causes for female infertility:
(i) Malformation of cervix or fallopian tubes.
(ii) Inadequate nutrition at puberty.
(iii) Low body fat (anorexia = psychological eating disorder due to fear of gaining weight) .
(iv) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), uterine disorders, endometriosis.
(v) underdeveloped ovaries.
(vi) Developing antibodies against sperm.
Common Causes for both the sexes:
(i) Tumours in pituitary or sex organs
(ii) Inherited mutation of hormone synthesizing genes
(iii) Long term stress
(iv) Ingestion of toxins (Cadmium) & drugs
(v) Injuries to gonads
(vi) Ageing

A collection of procedures which includes the handling of gametes and/or embryos outside the body to achieve a pregnancy is known as Assisted Reproductive Technology. ART includes
(i) Intra - uterine insemination : This is a procedure to treat infertile men with low sperm count. The semen is collected either from the husband or from a healthy donor and is introduced into the uterus through the vagina by a catheter after stimulating the ovaries to produce more ova. The sperms swim towards the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg, resulting normal pregnancy.
(ii) Zygote intra - fallopian transfer(ZIFT)
The zygote is allowed to divide to form 8 celled blastomere and transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy. The zygote continues its natural divisions and migrates towards the uterus where it gets implanted.
(iii) Intra uterine transfer (iUT)
Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is inserted into uterus to complete its further development.
(iv) Gamete Intra-falloplan transfer(GIFT)
Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube. In this, the eggs are collected from the ovaries and placed with the sperms in one of the fallopian tubes. The zygote travels toward the uterus and gets implanted in the inner lining of the uterus.
(v) Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICS):
In this method, only one sperm is injected into the focal point of the egg to fertilize. The sperm is carefully injected into the
cytoplasm of the egg. Fertilization occursin 75% -  85% of eggs injected with the sperms. The zygote is allowed to divide to form an 8 celled blastomere and then transferred to the uterus to develop a protective pregnancy.

The major sexually transmitted diseases are
(i) Gonorrhoea
1. Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. Symptoms: Affects the urethra, rectum and throat and in females the cervix also get affected
3. Pain and pus discharge in the genital tract and burning sensation during urination.
4. Incubation period: 2 to 5 days
(ii) Syphilis
Causative agent : Treponema pallidum
Symptoms:
1. Primary stage: Formation of painless ulcer on the external genitalia.
2. Secondary stage : Skin lesions, rashes, swollen joints and fever and hair loss.
3. Tertiary stage : Appearance of chronic ulcers on nose. Lower legs and palate, loss of movement mental disorder visual impairment, heart problems, gummas (soft non-cancerous growths) etc.
(iii) Hepatitis B
1. Causative agent: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with DNA.
2. Symptoms: Fatigue, jaundice, fever, rash and stomach pain.
3. Liver cirrhosis and liver failure occur in the later stage.
4. Incubation period: 30-80 days
(iv) AIDS:
1. Causative agent: Human immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) .
2. Symptoms: Enlarged lymph nodes, prolonged fever, prolonged diarrhoea, weight reduction, night sweating.
3. Incubation periods: 2 to 6 weeks even more than 10 years

IUT - Intra Uterine Transfer,
(i) Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is inserted into uterus to complete its further development.
(ii) It is a method to achieve pregnancy by Assisted Reproductive technology.

Cervical cancer is caused by a sexually transmitted virus called Human Papilloma virus (HPV). HPV may cause abnormal growth of cervical cells or cervical dysplasia.

AIDS and Genital Herpes

Syphilis and Gonorrhoea