Atlantic Ocean:
(i) The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest Ocean in the world.
(ii) It is 'S' shaped. It is flanked by North and South America on the western side, and Europe and Africa on the eastern side.
(iii) The coastline of the Atlantic Ocean is highly indented, which provides an ideal location for natural harbours and ports.
(iv) From the point of view of commerce, it is the busiest ocean.
Arctic Ocean
(i) The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole.
(ii) It is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as Bering Strait.
(iii) It is bound by northern coasts of North America and Eurasia.

(i) Antarctica, completely in the Southern Hemisphere, is a huge continent, It is larger than the combined area of Europe and Australia.
(ii) The South Pole lies. almost at the centre of this continent.
(iii) It is permanently covered with thick ice sheets.
(iv) There are no permanent human settlements.
(v) Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. India also has research stations there. These are named as Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri.

(i) Africa is second largest continent after Asia.
(ii) The Equator or 0° Latitude runs almost through the middle of the continent.
(iii) A large part of Africa lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
(iv) It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, Equator and Tropic of Capricorn pass.
(v) The Sahara Desert, the world's largest hot desert, is located in Africa.
(vi) The continent is bound on all sides by oceans and seas. The world's longest river, the Nile flows through Africa.

(i) Asia is the largest continent. It covers about one third of the total land area of the Earth.
(ii) The continent lies in the Eastern Hemisphere.
(iii) The Tropic of Cancer passes through this continent.
(iv) Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the West.
(v) The combined landmass of Europe and Asia is called the Eurasia (Europe + Asia).

The earth is surrounded by a layer of gas called the atmosphere. This thin blanket of air is an integral and important aspect of the planet. It provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of sun's rays. The atmosphere extends upto a height of about 1600 km. The atmosphere is divided into five layers based on composition, temperature and other properties. These layers starting from earth's surface are called the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere.

(i) Lithosphere It is made-up of solid rock surface of the earth's crust and the thin layers of soil, which contain nutrient elements essential for life. There are two main divisions of the earth's surface. The large landmasses are known as the continents and massive water bodies are called ocean basins.
(ii) Hydrosphere The earth is called the blue planet. More than 71 per cent of the earth is covered with water and 29 per cent is with land. Hydrosphere consists of water in all its forms. As running water in oceans and rivers and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere.
(iii) Biosphere It is the zone with existing life. There are several organisms found here from microbes to large animals. All the organisms are linked with each other and biosphere as well. The living organisms in biosphere can be broadly divided into plant kingdom and animal kingdom.

(i) Asia It is the largest continent. It covers about one- third of the total land area of the earth. The tropic of cancer passes through this continent. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural mountains on the West.
(ii) Africa It is the second largest continent after Asia. The Equator runs almost through the middle of the continent. A large part of Africa lies in the Northern hemisphere. The tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn pass through it. The continent is bound on all sides by oceans and seas.
(iii) North America North America is the third largest continent of the world. It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama. The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western hemisphere.
(iv) South America South America lies mostly in the Southern hemisphere. The Andes runs through its length from North to South. South America has the world's largest river, the Amazon.

(i) Indian ocean The Indian ocean is the only ocean named after a country, India. The shape of this ocean is almost triangular. It is bound by Asia in the North, in the West by Africa and in the East by Australia. (ii) Pacific ocean The Pacific ocean is the largest ocean. It is spread over one-third of the earth. The Pacific ocean is almost circular in shape. Asia, Australia, North America and South America surround it.
(iii) Arctic ocean It is connected with the Pacific ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water called Berring strait.
The Arctic ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole. It is bound by Northern coasts of North America and Eurasia.
(iv) Antarctic ocean The Southern ocean encircles the continent of Antarctica and extends northward to 60 degrees South latitude. Most of the time, it is covered with thick ice.