(i) Mountains and rivers of Tamil Nadu combined together created many endearing waterfalls.
(ii) Waterfalls in Tamil Nadu with its inspiring natural wonders attracts many tourists. A trek amidst thick green trees, steep hills and a bath in the gushing water is most rejuvenating.
(iii) Here is the list of famous water falls of Tamil Nadu.

Non-metallic resources:
(i) Non-metallic resources can be described as the resources that do not comprise of metals.
(ii) These are not hard substances, and are not good conductors of heat and electricity.
(iii) Example for non-metallic resources are mica, limestone, gypsum, dolomite, phosphate, etc.
Mica:
(i) Muscovite and Biotite are the common ores of Mica.
(ii) It is one of the indispensable minerals used in electrical and electronics industry.
(iii) In powder form, it is used for making lubricating oils and decorative wallpapers.
Limestone :
(i) Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly by skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera and molluscs.
(ii) About 10 % of sedimentary rocks are limestones. Mostly limestone is made into crushed stone and used as a construction material.
(iii) It is used for facing stone, floor tiles, stair treads, windows sills and many other purposes.
(iv) Crushed limestone is used in smelting and other metal refining process. Portland cement is made from limestone.

Revenue administration of Shivaji :
(i) Shivaji abolished the zamindari system.
(ii) Loans were provided to the farmers in the times of famine.
(iii) The state also collected custom duties and professional taxes.
(iv) The two important taxes collected during his time were Chauth and Sardeshmuki.
Revenue administration of Peshwas:
(i) The revenue administration of peshwas was headed by a key official called the kamavisdar.
(ii) He was expowered to maintain a small body of soldiers to police the administrative area, from where tribute or tax had to be collected.
(iii) A prospective tax or revenue collector who won the contract was expected to have a reputation for wealth and probity.
(iv) He was required to pay a portion of the whole of the anticipated revenue - one third to one half-either out of his own wealth or from the money borrowed from bankers.

(i) The famous peacock throne, covered with expensive jewels, was made during Shah Jahan's time for the emperor to sit on. The world famous Taj Mahal, the Moti Masjid, the pearl mosque at Agra, the Jama Masjid of Delhi, the Diwan-iKhas and Diwan - i Am in his palace exhibit his taste for Art and Architecture.
(ii) Babur built many structures at Agra, Biana, Dholpur, Gwalior and Kiul in Persian style of Architecture.
(iii) Sher shah built a mausoleum at Sasaram. Diwan-i-khas, Diwan-i-Am, panch Mahal Rang Mahal, Salim Chishti's tomb and Buland Darwazawere built during Akbar's time.
(iv) Jahangir completed Akbar's, tomb at Sikandara and the beautiful building containing the tomb of Itmad-ud-daula, at Agra.
(v) During Aurangzeb's reign, architecture did not receive much patronage.

Discuss the career and achievements of Krishna Devaraya.
(i) Krishnadevataya who reigned for 20 years was, the most illustrious rulers of the Tuluva dynasty.
(ii) He brought under control the independent chieftains in the Tungabhadra river basin.
(ii) The Bahmani sultan, Mahmud Shah had been overthrown and kept in imprisonment by his minister. Krishnadevaraya freed the sultan and restored him to the throne. Prataparudra negotiated for peace and offered to marry off his daughter to him.
(iv) Accepting the offer, krishnadevaraya returned the territory he had conquered from Prataparudra.
(v) Krishnadevaraya, with the assistance of the Portuguese gunners, could easily defeat the Sultan of Golconda and subsequently take over Raichur from the ruler of Bijapur.
A Great Builder
(i) Krishnadevaraya built huge irrigation tanks and reservoirs for harvesting rainwater.
(ii) He built the famous temples of Krishnaswamy, Hazara Ramaswamy and Vithalaswamy in the capital city of Hampi.
(iii) He distributed the wealth he gained in wars to all major temples of South India for the purpose of constructing temple gateways (gopura), called 'Rayagopuram,' in his honour.
(iv) He had good friendly relationship with the Portuguese and Arabian traders, which increased the Empire's income through customs.
Patron of Literature, Art and Architecture
Krishnadevaraya patronised art and literature. Eight eminent luminaries in literature known as astadiggajas adorned his court.

Land as a factor of production refers to all those natural resources or gifts of nature which are provided free to man.
Characteristics of Land :
(i) Land is a Free Gift of Nature
(ii) Land is fixed in supply
(iii) Land is imperishable
(iv) Land is a Primary Factor of Production
(v) Land is Immovable
(vi) Land has some Original Indestructible Powers
(vii) Land Differs in Fertility

(i) National Party: Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist party of India.
(ii) Regional Party: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Dravida Munnatra Kazhagam, Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam, Pattali Makkal Katchi
(iii) Registered but unrecognized party: Labour party of India, Bhartiya Panchayat party, Indian Indira Congress.

(i) Students should be given admission in school without any discrimination of superior or inferior. The rich or the poor, caste or creed.
(ii) The Government has taken several measures to ensure that students from differentitate of the society get an opportunity to study in private schools too through RTE (Right to Education) Act.
(iii) Wearing uniform helps to nip off the social and economical discrimination that may arise among students.
(iv) Students should be encouraged to develop feeling of oneness among themselves

Religion means a particular system of faith and worship, which brings human being with human society. Religion, is a symbol of group identity and a cultural rallying point.
It is classified as follows
(i) Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.
(ii) Ethnic Religions: Judaism, Hinduism and Japanese Shintoism
(iii) Tribal or Traditional Religions: Animism, Shamanism and Shaman.

(i) Winds erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part.
(ii) An isolated residual hill, standing like a pillar with rounded tops are called Inselbergs. E.g. Inselberg in the Kalahari Desert of South Africa.
(iii) When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill - like structures. These are called sand dunes. The crescent shaped sand dunes are called Barchans
(iv) When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over very long distances. When such sand is deposited in large areas, it is called Loess. Large deposits of loess are found in China.

(i) Volcanoes are also grouped according to-their periodicity of eruptions such as active, dormant and extinct.
(ii) These names refer to the state of activity rather than the types of volcanoes
(iii) Active Valcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes. Most of the active volcanoes lie in the Pacific Ring of Fire belt which lies along the Pacific coast.
(iv) Mt. Stromboli in Mediterranean Sea, St.Helens in USA, Pinatubo in Philippines.
(v) Dormant volcanoes have shown no sign of activity for many years but they may become active at any time. It is also called Sleeping Volcano
(vi) Vesuvius mountain of Italy, Mt Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Krakatoa of Indonesia are famous examples of this types.
(vii) Extinct The top of extinct volcanic mountains have been eroded. Mt Popa of Myanmar and Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya of Africa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Muhammaad-bin- Tughlug was a learned but cruel man. He was a poor decision maker. There was chaos in the social, economic and political condition of the empire because of his ambiguous decisions. The first and foremost was changing the capital from Delhi to Devagiri or Daulatabad and vice versa which led to loss of money and human lives. He also ordered the revenue to be collected in money instead of grains. This move led to bankruptcy and famine. Though he was wise and learned his hasty decisions led to his downfall.

(i) Rajendra I estabished Vedic college at Ennayiram where Vedas, grammar and Upanishad were taught.
(ii) This was later followed by his successors and two more such colleges had been founded.
(iii) The Great literary works like Periyapuranam and Kamba Ramayanam belong to this period.

a.

b.

(i) Metals like Gold and Silver are precious and rare elements.
(ii) They are shiny, strong and have high economic value.
(iii) If such metals are used in coins in an empire, it indicates its economic prosperity