Without taxes, governments would be unable to meet the demands of their societies. Taxes are crucial because governments collect this money and use it to finance under the following social projects.
1. Health: Without taxes, government contributions to the health sector would be impossible. Taxes go to funding health services such as social healthcare, medical research, social security, etc.
2. Education: Education could be one of the most deserving recipients of tax money. Governments put a lot of importance in the development of human capital and education is central in this development.
3. Governance: Governance is a crucial component in the smooth running of country affairs. Poor governance would have far reaching ramifications on the entire country with a heavy toll on its economic growth. Good governance ensures that the money collected is utilized in a manner that benefits citizens of the country.

(i) We will educate parents on following road safety rules.
(ii) When they don't wear a helmet, we can urge them to wear and also tell them the risk of not wearing it.
(iii) We will insist our parents wear seat belt while driving a car.
(iv) We will tell them not to exceed the speed limit while riding or driving.

I. On the Basis of Geographic Location:
1. Local Markets: In such a market the buyers and sellers are limited to the local region or area.
2. Regional Markets: These markets cover a wider area like a district
3. National Market: When the demand for the goods is limited the government may not allow the trade of such goods outside national boundaries.
4. International Market: Here the goods are also traded internationally in bulk quantities,
II. On the Basis of Time:
1. Very Short Period Market: The market for flowers, vegetables. Fruits are very short period markets
2. Short Period Market: Here the supply of goods can be slightly adjusted.
3. Long Period Market: Here the supply can be changed according to the demand of the market.
III. On the Basis of Nature of Transaction:
1. Spot Market: This is where spot transactions occur, that is the money is paid immediately.
2. Future Market: This is where the transactions are credit transactions.
IV. On the Basis of Regulation
1. Regulated Market: In such a market there is some oversight by appropriate government authorities. The stock market is a highly regulated market.
2. Unregulated Market: This is an absolutely free market.
V. On the basis of nature of competition
1. Monopoly: Monopoly refers to a market structure in which there is a single producer or seller that has a control on the entire market.
2. Monopolistic competition: Monopolistic competition refers to a market situation in which there are a large number of buyers and sellers of products.
3. Oligopoly: Oligopoly refers to a market form in which there are few sellers dealing either in homogenous or differentiated products.

Importance of woman's education:
(i) Increased Literacy: Offering all children education will prop up literacy rates, pushing forward development in struggling regions.
(ii) Human Trafficking: Women are most vulnerable to trafficking when they are undereducated and poor. Through providing young girls with opportunities and fundamental skills, Human Trafficking can be significantly undermined.
(iii) Political Representation: Across the globe, women are underrepresented as voters and restricted from political involvement. Civic education, training and all around empowerment will reduce this gap.
(iv) Thriving Babies: Children of educated mothers are twice as likely to survive past the age of five.
(v) Later Marriage: As suggested by the United Nations Population Fund, in underdeveloped countries, one in every three girls is married before reaching the age of 18. In a region where a girl receives seven or more years of education, the wedding date is delayed by four years.
(vi) Income Potential: According to (UNESCO) a single year of primary education has shown to increase a girl's wages later in life by 20 percent.
(vii) Prospering GDP: Gross Domestic Product also rises when both girls and boys are being offered educational opportunities.
(viii) Poverty Reduction: When women are provided with equal rights and equal access to education, they go on to participate in economic activity. Increased earning power leads to reduction in poverty level.

General Survival Techniques:
(i) During the earthquake be under the table, chair, kneel to the floor and protect yourself. Go near a sturdy wall, sit on the floor and hold the floor strongly and protect yourself. Use only torch lights,
(ii) During flood forecast, store up necessary things like first aid etc. Listen to the local Radio/TV for instructions. Cut off all the electrical supplies during flood and earthquake,
(iii) In case of fire accidents call fire service (No.101)
(iv) If clothes are on fire, "Don't Run; Stop, Drop and Roll,"
(v) Stay alert. Trains can come from either direction at any time,
(vi) Never sit on the edge of the Station Platform,
(vii) Cross the tracks safely.

(i) Owing to the position of the Andes all the great rivers of the continent drain into the Atlantic.
(ii) The Pacific streams are short and swift but along the coastlands of Peru their waters are used for irrigation and to some extent for hydro-electric power. Amazon is the longest river of South America (6,450km) and is the largest river system in the world.
(iii) This river has over a thousand of tributaries.
(iv) The rivers Rio Negro, Madeira and Tapajos are important tributaries.
(v) At the point where it enters the sea the river is so wide and powerful that it flows even at a distance of 80 km into the high seas.
(vi) The Orinoco River originates in the Guiana Highlands and flows northwards into the Caribbean Sea.
(vii) The river Paraguay has the Parana and Uruguay rivers as the main tributaries which together form the Platte River system.
(viii) All the rivers are navigable for quite some distance in the interior.

Jains in Kanchipuram:
(i) Jainism flourished during the Pallava reign.
(ii) The two Jain temples in Kanchipuram are Trilokyanatha Jinaswamy Temple at Tiruparuttikunram and the Chandra Prabha temple dedicated to the Tirtankara named Chandraprabha.
(iii) Mural paintings in the temples show scenes from the lives of Tirthankara.
(iv) In the Kanchipuram district, Jain vestiges have been found over the years in many villages across the state.
Kazhugumalai Jain Rock-cut Temple:
(i) The Kazhugumalai temple in Thoothukudi district marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
(ii) Polished rock-cut cave beds, popularly known as Panchavar Padukkai at Kazhugumalai cavern host the figures of Tirthankaras and also the figures of yakshas and yakshis. Jain temples have also been excavated in the districts of Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Madurai.
Buddhism in Tamilakam:
(i) Buddhism is believed to have spread to the Tamil country by the Ceylonese missionaries.
(ii) The monuments are in caverns known as Pancha Pandava Malai.
(iii) Chudamani Vihara of Nagapattinam was constructed by the Srivijaya king with the patronage of Rajaraja Chola.
(iv) In the field of education, Buddhist Sanghas and Viharas served as centers of education.
(v) Nalanda, Taxila and Vikramshila gained reputation as great educational centres. They were originally Buddhist Viharas.
(vi) Excavations of Buddhist Vihara and a temple at Kaveripoompattinam and hundreds of stone and bronze sculptures by ASI from over 125 sites have proved the spread of the religion in the state.

The advent of Sufis to India dates back to the Arab conquest of Sind. It gained prominence during the reign of the Delhi Sultans. Sufism found adherents among both Muslims and Hindus.
(i) Sufism : The word Sufi takes its origin from suf, meaning wool. The Sufis wore coarse garments made of wool and hence they were called Sufis. Sufism was basically Islamic but was influenced by Hindu and Buddhist (Mahayana) ideas. It rejected the stringent conduct code of the ulemas. Sufis lived in hermitages akin to monasteries and functioned outside society.
(ii) Sufis in medieval India were divided into three major orders. They were Chishti, Suhrawardi and Firdausi.
(iii) The best known Sufi sage of the early medieval period was Nizamuddin Auliya of the Chishti order, who had a large number of followers among the ruling class in Delhi.
(iv) Suhrawardi order was founded by an Iranian Sufi Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib. The Firdausi order was a branch of Suhrawardi order and its activities were confined to Bihar.

(i) Media is the backbone of democracy.
(ii) In our democratic society mass media is the driving force of public opinion.
(iii) Media strengthens the democratic value. It enlightens and empowers the people.
(iv) It can educate the voters and ensures that government is transparent and accountable.
(v) Media cany every report of action of administration of the government.
(vi) Based on the information the citizen can learn about the functioning of the government and day to day happenings taking place around them.

(i) Sightseeing is considered to be one of the most important activities a tourist chooses to take part on reaching a destination.
(ii) Sightseeing gives the tourist a chance to know a destination and experience it.
(iii) Some people like adventures and to escape their normal monotonous life.
(iv) So some people like sightseeing so much.

Fossil fuel resources:
(i) Fossil fuel resources are normally formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. 
(ii) They are often referred to as fossil fuels and are formed from hydrocarbon.
Coal:
(i) This is the most abundantly found fossil fuel that forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat.
(ii) It is used as a domestic fuel, in industries such as iron and steel, steam engines to generate electricity.
Petroleum:
(i) Petroleum is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields located in Offshore and coastal areas.
(ii) Petroleum and its derivative are called Black Gold as they are very valuable.
Natural gas:
(i) Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.
(ii) It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel.

Revenue administration of Shivaji :
(i) Shivaji abolished the zamindari system.
(ii) Loans were provided to the farmers in the times of famine.
(iii) The state also collected custom duties and professional taxes.
(iv) The two important taxes collected during his time were Chauth and Sardeshmuki.
Revenue administration of Peshwas:
(i) The revenue administration of peshwas was headed by a key official called the kamavisdar.
(ii) He was expowered to maintain a small body of soldiers to police the administrative area, from where tribute or tax had to be collected.
(iii) A prospective tax or revenue collector who won the contract was expected to have a reputation for wealth and probity.
(iv) He was required to pay a portion of the whole of the anticipated revenue - one third to one half-either out of his own wealth or from the money borrowed from bankers.