Merits of division of labour
(i) It improves efficiency of labour when labour repeats doing the same tasks.
(ii) Facilitates the use of machinery in production? resulting in inventions.
(iii) Time and Materials are put to the best and most efficient use.
Demerits of division of labour
(i) Repetition of the same task makes labour to feel that the work is monotonous and stale. It kills the humanity in him.
(ii) Narrow specialization reduces the possibility of labour to find alternative avenues of employment. This results in increased unemployment.
(iii) Reduce the growth of handicrafts and the worker loses the satisfaction of having made a commodity in full.

(i) National Party: Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist party of India.
(ii) Regional Party: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Dravida Munnatra Kazhagam, Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam, Pattali Makkal Katchi
(iii) Registered but unrecognized party: Labour party of India, Bhartiya Panchayat party, Indian Indira Congress.

Religion means a particular system of faith and worship, which brings human being with human society. Religion, is a symbol of group identity and a cultural rallying point.
It is classified as follows
(i) Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.
(ii) Ethnic Religions: Judaism, Hinduism and Japanese Shintoism
(iii) Tribal or Traditional Religions: Animism, Shamanism and Shaman.

(i) Thenmning water in the river erodes the landscape, which creates a steep-sided valley like the letter 'V' known as 'V' shaped valley.
(ii) Falling of river water over a vertical step in the river bed is called waterfall. lt is formed when the soft rocks are removed by erosion. E.g. Coutrallam falls across the river Chittar in Tamil Nadu.
(iii) Plunge pool is a hollow feature at the base of a waterfall which is formed by cavitation. Alluuvial fan is a deposition of sediment occurs at which the river enters a plain or the foot-hills.
(iv) As the river enters the plain it twists and turns forming large bends known as Meanders. E.g. Meanders along the River Vellar near Sethiyathope in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu
(v) Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop comes closer and closer. In due course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cutoff lake, also called an Ox-bow lake.

Volcanoes are constructive and Destructive.
Constructive effects:
(i) Volcanoes provide nutrients to the surrounding soil as volcanic ash contains minerals beneficial to plants.
(ii) Some plateaus and plains are formed due to volcanic eruption.
(iii) They cool off the earth removing heat from the interior.
Destructive effects:
(i) They cause earth quakes, fast floods, mud slides and rock falls.
(ii) Dust and Ash that come out of volcanoes are very harmful to living things

(i) Earthquakes may cause changes in the earth's surface. Vibrations often set landslides in mountainous regions.
(ii) A greater danger in an earthquake is the falling of buildings.
(iii) Fire is another great danger. Underground water system is naturally disturbed by such movements.
(iv) An earthquake which originates below or near the sea causes great disturbance in the water.
(v) Tsunami, a Japanese term, is the name given to the huge wave caused in the sea by an earthquake

Muhammaad-bin- Tughlug was a learned but cruel man. He was a poor decision maker. There was chaos in the social, economic and political condition of the empire because of his ambiguous decisions. The first and foremost was changing the capital from Delhi to Devagiri or Daulatabad and vice versa which led to loss of money and human lives. He also ordered the revenue to be collected in money instead of grains. This move led to bankruptcy and famine. Though he was wise and learned his hasty decisions led to his downfall.

(i) Rajendra I estabished Vedic college at Ennayiram where Vedas, grammar and Upanishad were taught.
(ii) This was later followed by his successors and two more such colleges had been founded.
(iii) The Great literary works like Periyapuranam and Kamba Ramayanam belong to this period.

a.

b.

(i) Metals like Gold and Silver are precious and rare elements.
(ii) They are shiny, strong and have high economic value.
(iii) If such metals are used in coins in an empire, it indicates its economic prosperity