(i) Agarias - a community of iron smelters were lived in this village.
(ii) In the late 19th century a series of famines devastated the dry tracts of India.

(i) In picture 1, Tanti weavers are working in the pit loom.
(ii) Women workers of the cotton factory are shown in picture 2.

(i) Patola weave of the mid-19th century is shown in the above picture.
(ii) Patola was woven in Surat, Ahmedabad, and Patan.
(iii) Parola was highly valued in Indonesia, it became part of the local weaving tradition there.

(i) The above picture shows the Surat port in West coast of Gujarat.
(ii) Dutch and English Trading ships that began using the port from the early 17th century.

Jamsetji Tata, an Indian industrialist, wanted to set up a modern iron and steel plant in India, for which a good source of iron ore deposits and plentiful water were required. The Tatas set-up this plant in what is now known as Jamshedpur, which started production in 1912.
Expansion of the railways gave TISCO a ready market for steel rails during the First World War, which started in 1914. Soon they started producing carriage wheels and shells for the war effort.
By 1919, the British colonial government was buying 90 percent of the steel manufactured by TiSeO. Soon TiSeO became the biggest steel industry within the British empire.

The steps due to which the international market for traditional Indian textiles was eroded were:
(i) Very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain.
(ii) Due to this, English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods
(iii) British cotton textiles made on automatic machines were very cheap and captured European and American markets which were earlier captive markets for Indian textiles.
(iv) By the 1830s, British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. Within another 50 years, two-thirds of cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain.
(v) This rendered many weavers and spinners jobless.

The basic difference between India and Japan was that India was run by the British colonial government, while Japan was an independent country. While the colonial government in India, which wanted to expand the market for British goods, did not support Indian industrialists, the Japanese Government encouraged the growth of industries.
They did this by developing postal and telegraph services, railways and steam-powered shipping. They also imported advanced technology from the West and gave generous loans to industrialists, besides selling large industries started by the government to business families very cheaply. Thus in India, colonial domination created barriers to industrialization, while in Japan the fear of foreign conquest spurred industrialisation.

(i) Slag heaps are large mounds of waste material left after smelting of iron.
(ii) Various factors led to the decline of iron smelting by the late 19th century :
(a) People were denied access to the forests by the colonial government under the new forest laws.
(b) In areas where the access was granted, the iron smelters had to pay high taxes to the forest department for every furnace they used.
(c) Import of iron and steel from Britain increased, which lowered the demand for the iron produced by local smelters.

(i) By the early 18th century, the wool and silk makers in England were worried by the popularity of Indian textiles in England markets. They began protesting the import of Indian cotton textiles.
(ii) During this period, the textiles industries in England had just begun to develop the Calico, which was an imitation of Indian style.
(iii) Now, cloth producers in England were in a situation to compete with Indian textiles and thus wanted to seize a secure market in England by preventing the entry of Indian textile. (iv) So in 1720, the British government enacted the Calico Act that banned the use of printed cotton textiles - chintz - in England

(i) When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South - West India.
(ii) The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called as "calico" (derived from Calicut), and subsequently, calico became the general name for all cotton textiles.
(iii) By the early 18th century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles.
(iv) In 1720, the British government enacted a legislation banning the use of printed cotton textiles chintz - in England. This Act was known as the CalicoAct