In her observation, CK. Janu, an Adivasi activist, had pointed out violations of the Constitutional rights assured to tribal people of the various state governments of India. They allow non-tribal encroachers in the form of timber merchants, paper mills, etc. to exploit tribal land, and forcibly evict tribal people tram their traditional forests in the process of declaring forests as reserved or as sanctuaries. She has also noted out the cases where tribal people have already been expelled and are not allowed to go back to their lands.

The State Governments of India keep a list of  Scheduled Castes (or Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, backward and most backward castes. The central government also has a list. The students applying to educational institutions of government and those applying for posts in government are expected to show the proof of their caste or tribe status in the form of caste and tribe certificates issued by the government agencies. If a particular caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can gain the benefit of reservation.

(i) The practice of untouchability is a form of social discrimination against certain groups based on their castes. India has been a severe victim of this social evil since ages.
(ii) Framers of the Indian Constitution were unanimous on making a strong law to end this inhuman practice.
(iii) Article 17 of the Constitution of India declares abolition of the practice of untouchability. In accordance with the Constitutional provisions, the Government of India has passed the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 and later the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 to eradicate caste based discrimination and upliftment of the people belonging to deprived sections of the society.
(iv)The government has introduced reservation system in educational institutes, government services and elected institutions.

The weaker sections of the society other than the Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes are called
the Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
The Kaka Kelkar Commission which gave its report for OBCs in 1953's was accepted by government. In 1978, B.P. Mandai gave another report making recommendations for OBCs. The provisions were implemented in 1990 by V.P. Singh. After a great deal of controversy, the Supreme Court gave the following judgment on OBCs:
(i) The court allowed 27%reservation for the backward caste/classes, but it announced that the 'creamy layer' of the backward class should be excluded. Government was to identify this creamy layer.
(ii) The armed forces and sensitive higher civilian posts like Scientists, Pilots, University Professors, etc. were to be kept outside the purview of the caste reservation.
(iii) The number of backward castes was reduced to 1,238 from 3,743 as recommended by the MandaI Report.
(iv) Those classes which had adequate representation in the government services were to be excluded from the list of OBCs.
(v) While Mandal Commission had recommended reservation policy in the field of promotions also, the Supreme Court recommended reservation only in original appointments.
(vi) The Supreme Court directed that the reservation quota should not exceed 50 percent in any eventuality. Implementation of Mandal Report :
(i) On the Supreme Court's verdict, the Union government implemented the reservation of 27% quota for 1,238 backward castes in central Services and Public Undertakings.
(ii) The government has given them relaxation in qualifying marks in written examinations and in interviews.
(iii) Relaxation in upper age limit by 3 years in direct recruitment has also been given to OBCs.
(iv) The OBCs are given relaxation to clear the Civil Services examinations in seven attempts.

As part of their effort to implement the provisions contained in the Constitution, both the State and Central Governments have made various laws, policies and schemes. These are aimed for people living in tribal areas as well as the Dalit population. The government provides for free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities so that they can avail of education facilities that may not be available in their localities. The government also takes some concrete steps to end inequity in the system. The reservation policy is one such policy in which seats are reserved for Dalits and Adivasis in educational institution and government employment.

This Act contains a very long list of crimes. It distinguishes several levels of crimes:
(a) It lists modes of humiliation that are both physically horrific and morally reprehensible and seeks to punish who
(i) force to member of a SC or ST to drink or eat any inedible or obnoxious substance,
(ii) forcibly removes clothes from the person of a member of a SC or a ST or parades him or her naked or with painted face or body or commits any similar act which is derogatory to human dignity.
(b) it lists actions that dispossess Dalit and Adivasis of their meagre resource or which force them into performing slave labour.
(c) The Act seeks to penalise anyone who assaults or uses force on any woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe with intent to dishonour her.

Kabir was a 15th-century poet and weaver. He belonged to the Bhakti tradition. Through his poetry, Kabir spoke about his love for the supreme being free of rituals and priests. It also expresses his sharp and pointed criticism of those he saw as powerful.
He denounced the caste system, he attacked those who tried to confine individuals to their caste and religion based identities. According to him, every person had the ability to reach the highest level of spiritual salvation and deep knowledge within themselves through their own experience. Kabir's poetry brings out the powerful idea of the equality of all human beings and thus is appreciated by Dalits, marginalised groups and those who oppose the social hierarchies.

The Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes Act 1989 states that the actions that deprive the Dalits and Adivasis of their small resources or which force them into slaved labour are punishable. It means that if someone tries to occupy or cultivate any land owned by or allotted to a member of Schedule Caste or Tribe, he will be punished by law.

Reservation is securing of seats bylaws in education and government employment for the deprived and unprivileged classes and people.

The court had directed the departments of central and state government to verify the condition of manual scavenging and to introduce time-bound programme for their liberation and rehabilitation.