Fundamental Rights are various privileges granted to the citizens of a country by its Constitution. Its aim is to restrict arbitrary power of state and create an ideal condition for the development of an individual and of his/her potential.

The constitution identifies the centre of power where decisions are taken. It decides how the government will be constituted and puts limit on what government can impose on its citizens, i.e. the government can never make rules that go against the laws of constitution. Finally, the Constitution expresses the fundamental identify of the people, which means that the people as a collective entity, come into being only through the Constitution.

(i) The long experience of authoritarian rule under the colonial state convinced the Indians that free India should be a democracy in which everyone should be treated equally and be allowed to participate in government.
(ii) This was not done by one person but, by a group of around 300 people who became members of the Constituent Assembly and met periodically for the next three years to form the Indian Constitution.
(iii) The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages, belonged to different religions, and had distinct culture. Also, when the constitution was being written, India was going through considerable turmoil.

Every society is prone to tyranny of the majority. The constitution usually contains rules that ensure that minorities are not excluded from anything that is routinely available to the majority. The constitution is precisely to prevent this tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority.

The Constitution of India provides six fundamental Rights to its citizens. These rights are important because of the following reasons:
(i) They provide to the Indian citizens a safe-guard against the misuse of power by the state.
(ii) These rights aim to ensure the dignity of every individual.
(iii) These rights have been made judiciable, i.e., the citizens can approach the courts in case of the violation of any of their Fundamental Rights.

The members of the Constituent Assembly faced many problems while drafting the constitution.
A few of them are as follows:
(i) The partition had created dividing tendencies among the people.
(ii) A sense of hatred prevailed among people for the other religious communities. Therefore, the constitution-makers were faced with the task of creating a constitution that would incorporate the interests of all religions and social groups in India and promote an atmosphere of peace and harmony.

The Fundamental Rights provided by the Constitution of India are as follows:
(i) Right to Equality,
(ii) Right to Freedom,
(iii) Right against Exploitation,
(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion,
(v) Cultural and Educational Rights, and
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies.

The theory of separation of powers refers to the distribution of powers among the different organs of the government. Each organ is supposed to perform the responsibility entrusted to it without interfering in others' work. The benefits of separation of powers are as follows:
(i) It is instrumental in preventing the misuse of power by anyone organ of the state.
(ii) It creates a system of checks and balances, with each organ keeping an eye on the functioning of the other.

The three organs of the Indian government are as follows:
(i) Legislature: It is a law-making body.
(ii) Executive: It looks after the implementations of laws
(iii) Judiciary: It adjudicates the disputes.

Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in a country. It is the basic feature of the Indian Constitution.
Various levels of governance that exist in our country are as follows:
(i) Centre: Central Government
(ii) State: State Government
(iii) Village: Panchayati Raj
Federalism is necessary .in a vast country such as India to accommodate the demands of all sections of the society in the decision-making process

The members of the Constituent Assembly were all freedom fighters. They were convinced about the following points:
(i) India shall be a democratic country.
(ii) Everyone would be treated equally.
(iii) Everyone would be allowed to participate in government procedures.
(iv) The sovereignty of the nation would be clearly stated.
(v) The rights of the citizens of India would be safeguarded.

The Right to Equality is one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Its essence is as follows:
(i) It strives to give equal opportunity to all citizens of India.
(ii) No citizen of India shall be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender and place of birth.
(iii) The Right focuses on treating all citizens equally and providing them equal opportunities.

(i) Periodical elections are held on the basis of adult franchise
(ii) Rule of law is an essential feature of Indian democratic state
(iii) All the people enjoy the Fundamental rights which are justifiable.
Thus, through the above all the explanations indicate that India is a democratic state.

The Part IV A of the Constitution of India contains the Fundamental Duties. The duties are listed under Article 51-A.
The Fundamental duties are as follows:
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
(i) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(ii) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
(iii) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(iv) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(v) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(vi) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(vii) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
(viii) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
(ix) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
(x) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
(xi) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
Fundamental Duties serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be aware of their duties towards their country and fellow citizens. Fundamental Duties serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and encourage a sense of discipline and commitment among them.