The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has taken a number of steps to prevent road accidents and road accident fatalities. These include
i) A multi pronged strategy : It has been adopted based on four Es - Engineering, Enforcement. Education and Emergency care for ensuring road safety.
ii) Improving vehicular safety standards: Trucks are prohibited from carrying protruding roads. Anti - Locking Brake System (ABS) has been made mandatory on heavy vehicles.
iii) Pilot projects for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims : This project has already done in the stretch of NH 8 and NH 33. Now it is proposed to implement this scheme along the Golden Quadrilateral, North South and East West corridors.
iv) Quick response ambulances are parked in every 50 kms on the National Highways by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
v) Speed Governors: This device has a series of sensors that can detect how fast a vehicle is going and if this crosses the limit set by it, it restricts the flow of air and fuel to the engine
vi) Variable Message Signs: These can be used to update road users the traffic conditions in case of major breakdowns, congestions and so on.

Right to Education Act  - Article 21A provides that the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years.
The Child Labour Act - It provides no child who has not completed 15 years of age can be employed.
The Juvenile Justice Act 2000   - This Act tries to protect children deprived of adequate care and to reform the children by adopting child friendly approach.
POCSO Act 2012 - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act regards the best interest of the child as being paramount importance in every state.

i) To remove narrow mindedness and make dynamic and enlightened view.
ii) To develop moral and humanistic outlook.
iii) To train the youth to be good citizen.
iv) To strengthen democratic values like liberty, equality and fraternity and co-operative living
v) To give wider vision towards life.
vi) To develop an attitude of appreciation and understanding of others point of view.
vii) To develop the spirit of love, tolerance, co-operation, equality and sympathy.
viii) To synthesise materialism and spiritualism.

1. The year 1991 ushered a new era of the economic liberalization.
2. India took major decision to improve the performance of the industrial sector.
3. The Tenth and Eleventh five year plans witnessed a high growth rate of industrial production.
4. The abolition of Industrial licensing, dismantling of price controls, dilution of reservation of small scale industries.
5. Virtual abolition of monopoly law enabled Indian industry to flourish,
6. The new policy welcomes foreign investments.

1. All the policies implemented by the British government in India had a deep impact on India’s indigenous industries.
2. Free trade policy followed by the East India Company compelled the Indian traders to sell their goods below the market prices.
3. This forced many craftsmen to abandon their ancestral handicraft talents.
4. East India company’s aim was to buy the maximum quantity of Indian manufactured goods at the cheapest price and sell them to other European countries for a huge profit.
5. This affected the traditional Indian industry.
6. The British followed the policy of protective tariffs that was much against the trading interests of India. 
7. Heavy duties were charged on Indian goods in Britain, but at the same time, the English goods entering India were charged only nominal duties.

i) The high court has been empowered to issue writs of Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, certiorari and Quo warrant for the enforcement of the fundamental rights and for other purposes.
ii) Every High court has as general power of superintendence over all the lower courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction except military courts and tribunals.
iii) If a case is pending before a sub-ordinate court and the high court is satisfied that it involves a substantial question of the constitutional law, it can take up the case and decide it itself.
iv) The high court controls all the subordinate courts in the state.
v) Like the supreme court, the high court also acts as a court of record.
vi) Each State is divided into a number of districts for the purpose of judicial administration
vii) The District Court judges are appointed by the Governor.
viii) The High Court enjoys full power and freedom to act with in its jurisdiction.
ix) The Constitutional safeguards have ensured its independent working

i) The Chief Minister is the Chief administrator of the State.
ii) All the major decisions of the State
iii) Government are taken under his leadership
iv) On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the other Ministers.
v) The Chief Minister supervises the activities of different Ministers and advices them accordingly.
vi) The Chief Minister plays an important role in making policies of the State Government.
vii) The Chief Minister has to ensure that the policies of the Government do not go against public interest.
viii) The Chief Minister's voice is final in policy decision of the State Government
ix) The Chief Minister has the power of appointing higher officials in the State Government.
x) On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints different higher officials of the State Government.

1. The popular discontent of British Policy of economically exploiting India was the important cause of revolt 1857
2. The peasants suffered due to the strict revenue collection policy.
3. Policies of Docrine of Lapse, Sub-sidery alliance and policy of Effective Control created discontentment among people.
4.  Annexation of Oudh proved the grovelling loyally
5. The conversion activities of Christian missionaries were looked upon with suspicion and fear. The priests and maulavis showed their disconten against British rule.
6. The abolition of practices like sati, female infanticide, support to Widow remarriage and female education were seen as interference in Indian culture by the Europeans.
7. The Indian sepops were looked upon as inferor beings and treated with contempt by their British officers
8. They were paid much less than British soldiers. All the avenues of the promotion were closed to them as the higher army posts were reserved for the British

Causes:
1. Tipu sought alliance with foreign powers against the English and sent ambassadors to Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and the French.
2. Tipu was in correspondence with Napoleon who invaded Egypt at that time.
3. The French officers came to Srirangapatnam where they founded a Jacobin Club and planted the Tree of Liberty
Course of war
1. Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799. The war was short and decisive. As planned the Bombay army under General Stuart invaded Mysore from the west.
2. The Madras army, which was led by the Governor-General's brother Arthur Wellesley, forced.
3. Tipu to retreat to his capital Srirangapatnam. On 4th May 1799 Srirangapatnam was captured.
4. Tipu fought bravely and was killed finally. Thus ended the fourth Mysore War and the whole of Mysore lay prostrate before the British.
Mysore after war:
1. The English occupied Kanara, Wynad, Coimbatore, Darapuram and Srirangapattinam. Krishna
2. Raja Odayar of the former Hindu royal family was brought to the throne.
3. Tipu's family was sent to the fort of Vellore.

1. The East India Company was founded with permission of Elizabeth the Queen of England in 1600.
2. Emperor Jahangir permitted the English to establish their factory in 1613 at Surat.
3. Surat initially became the headquarters of the English.
4. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was sent to Jahangir's court by King James I of England.
5. He remained at Agra for three years.
6. He succeeded in concluding a commercial treaty with the emperor.
7. Sir Thomas Roe, established the English trading centres at Surat, Agra, Ahmadabad and Broach.
8. English established their first factory in 1611 at Masulipatam.
9. In 1639, the English merchant, Francis Day, obtained Madras as a lease from Chennappa Nayaka, the ruler of Chandragiri.
10. The East India Company built its famous factory known as Fort St. George.
11. In 1668, the East India Company acquired the island at an annual rent of £ (pounds) 10 from Charles II.
12. In 1690 a factory was established at Sutanuti.
13. The Zamindari of the three villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Govindpur was acquired by the British in 1698.
14. The new fortified settlement at Sutanuti was named as 'Fort William' in 1700.
15. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company became a political Power.

1) The sources for the history of modern indaia help us to know the political, socio-economic and cultural development in the country.
2) From the very beginning, the Europeans recorded their official transactions in india on state papers.
3) This records are very valuable to know about their relations in India.
4) Archives are the store houses of precious historical informations.
5) People began to know easily about the fields like art, literature, history and science through Written sources.
6) Many paintings and statues are the main sources of modern Indian history.
7) They give us a lot of information and the achievement of national leaders and historical personalities.
8) Museums help to preserve and promote our cultural heritage.
9) Coins are a good source to know about administrative history.

1. Sati was social evil that prevailed in Indian society especially among the Rajputs. 
2. Earlier it was a voluntary act but later by the relatives forced the widow to sit on the funeral pyre.
3. When Lord William Bentinck took up the question of Sati, recommended he found that the abolition had been by the Judges of the Criminal Courts.
4. He passed Regulation XVII on December 4,1829 declaring the practice of Sati or burning or burying alive the widow of Hindus, illegal and Punishable by criminal courts.

Urbanisation refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

i) Black money is money earned through any illegal activity controlled by court regulations.
ii) The.moneywhich is not paid to the government

i) Money is essential to fullfill our basic needs (food, dress and shelter).
ii) Money is needed to the services like education and Transport facilities.
iii) Money is essential for better life (Medical facility).
iv) Money is essential for secured future

i) Commodity money
ii) Metallic money
iii) Credit money
iv) Near money
v) Paper money

i) Dew is a water droplet formed by the condensation of water vapour on a relatively cold surface of an object
ii) It forms when the temperature of an object drops below the dew point temperature.

1. Soil conservation is the process of protecting the soil from erosion to maintain its fertility.
2. The methods that are widely practieed for conserving soil are afforestation, controlled grazing, construction of dams, crop rotation, strip faming contour ploughing, terrace farming, checking shifting cultivation, wind break, etc.

1. The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma.
2. These rocks are also called as the 'Primary Rocks' or 'Parent Rocks' as all other rocks are formed from these rocks.

1. The first National Education policy of 1968 marked a significant step in the history of education in post-independent India
2. In 1986, the Government of India introduced a New Education Policy
3. The aim of New Education Policy was to transfer a static society into vibrant one with a commitment to development and change.
4. It emphasised on equal opportunities for marginalised sections of the country and the removal of disparity though scholarships, adult education and open universities, especially for rural India.
5. The New Education Policy called for a child-centred approach in primary education and launched Operation Blackboard to improve primary schools nationwide
6. This policy was revised again in 1992.

i) A Commercial bank is a type of bank that provides services such as accepting deposits, making business loans, and offering basic investment products that is operated as a business for profit.
ii) Types of Deposits:
1. Student Saving Account
2. Savings Deposits
3. Current Account Deposits
4. Fixed Deposit

(i) Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface.
(ii) It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimetre per minute.
(iii) Insolation affects temperature.
(iv) The more the insolation the higher the temperature.