(i) The Indentured Labour System was a form of debt bondage.
(ii) By this system 3.5 million Indians were transported to various British colonies to provide labour for the plantations (mainly sugar).
(iii) It started from 1843, the year of abolition of slavery in India and continued until 1920.
(iv) This resulted in the development of a large Indian diaspora, which spread from the Indian Ocean (Reunion and Mauritius) to Pacific Ocean (Fiji), as well as contributing to the growth of Indo-Caribbean and Indo-African population.
(v) The Indenture system was a penal contract system.
(vi) The contract made punishable the refusal of an indentured labourer to work or his abstention from work, or his defiance of the orders of his master or absconding.

(i) The policy of free trade and the forcible collection of land revenue resulted in the out break of famines.
(ii) The Odisha famine of 1866-67 was a severe and terrible event.
(iii) The famines of 1876-78 known as the Great famine of 1876-78 caused a large migration of agricultural labourers and artisans from Southern India to British colonies.
(iv) Here they worked as indentured labourers on plantations.
(v) In the Madras Presidency, the famine of 1876- 78 was preceded by droughts.
(vi) The situation was made worse because of the colonial government's policy of laissez faire in the trade of food grains.
(vii) Two of the worst famine-afflicted areas in the Madras Presidency were the district of Ganjam and Vizagapatnam. They continued to export grains throughout the famine.
(viii)These famines were typically followed by various infectious diseases.
(ix) The memory of this famine is still preserved in various folk songs and ballads.
(x) The Bengal famine of 1770 as well as 1943 of British India took a heavy toll of human lives.

(i) Until the last quarter of the nineteenth century Africa, South of the Sahara was almost unknown to the outside world.
(ii) The interior of Africa was unexplored.
(iii) After 1875 European penetration and colonisation began on a large scale.
(iv) European colonisation of Africa was thus accomplished smoothly without any out1break of war against major European powers.
(v) This invasion, occupation, colonisation and annexation of African territories by Europen powers between 1881 and 1914, the era of Imperialism is called the scramble for Africa.
or the partition of Africa.

(i) Lord Cornwallis created Zaminders and Landlords for the first time in India and collected revenue. This settlement made with the zaminders was called as the permanent settlement.
(ii) The Ryotwari system was a different revenue system introduced in south India.
(iii) Under this system the peasant was the proprietor and paid tax on land. The government deal with him directly. He was entitled to remain in possession of land acquired by him, so long as he paid the land revenue.
(iv) As no credit facilities were provided by the state they had to depend on money lenders to borrow money.
(v) The colonial state pursued a policy of commercialization of agriculture.
(vi) The peasant's bid to clear his debt and to pay up the revenue dues to the state instead of producing for home consumption, the peasants began to raise crop for the market.
(vi) Even than the money earmarked for irrigation was meagre, but due to the initiative of some well meaning British officials and engineers irrigation became possible in certain areas, but they collected more taxes.
(vii) The policy of free trade and the forcible collection of land revenue resulted in the out break of famines.
(viii) The Indentured labour system was a form of debt bondage, by which many Indians were transported to various British colonies.

(i) The company government decided to make a massive investment in railroads, the posted system irrigation, modem banking and education with its surplus capital.
(ii) The capital exported was predominantly for railway construction.
(iiii) The railways helped to move British troops quickly across the country.
(iv) It also enabled the conquest of the Indian market to the maximum extent.

(i) Home charges - the dividends on East Indias stock, interest on debt, savings from salaries and the pensions of officers and establishments and buildings in the India office, London, transporting cost of British troops to and from India.
(ii) This drain of wealth in the form of Home charges in course of time rose to 16 million pounds per year.

(i) Pennycuick was an army engineer and civil servant who also served as a member of the Madras legislative council.
(ii) He decided to divert the west flowing Periyar river draining into the Arabian sea to the east, so that it could irrigate lakhs of acres of dry land dependent on the Vaigai river.
(iii) Though Pennycuick and other British engineers went ahead with the construction braving nature's fury and the dangers of poisonous insects and wild animals, the construction was disrupted by relentless rain.
(iv) Since he could not get adequate funds from the British government, Pennycuick went to England and sold his family property to mobilise money to fund the project which was completed in 1895.
(v) The Mullai Periyar Dam continues to irrigate agricultural lands in Theni, Dindigul, Madurai, Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.

We can divide the process of the colonialisation of India into three phases.
(i) Phase I Mercantilist Capitalism.
(ii) Phase II Industrial Capitalism.
(iii) Phase III Financial Capitalism.

(i) The Zulu tribe was known for its strong fighting spirit.
(ii) They were represented by renowned warriors like Shaka Zulu.
(iii) Shaka Zulu played a prominent role in building the largest Zulu nation in South-Eastern Africa. 
(iv) British troops invaded Zulu territory and divided it into thirteen chiefdoms.
(v) The Zulus never regained their independence and they had to fight against deeply entrenched racism in South Africa for about a century.