(i) Monastries and temples served the purpose of imparting education.
(ii) Nalanda was a great monastery built by the Magadha Empire.
(iii) Educational centres offered Buddhist and Vedic literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosophy and astronomy.
(iv) Even the science of war was taught.
(v) Nalanda became the most renowned seat of learning in course of time.

(i) Buddha in order to carry his message to different parts of India, established the Buddhist Sangha (or) the Holy order of Monks. 
(ii) The bikshus (monks) and the bikshunis (nuns) were enlisted for spreading the faith and they were required to lead a life of purity and poverty.

(i) light
(ii) good mind
(iii) right
(iv) dominion
(v) piety
(vi) well-being
(vii) immortality.

(i) The Book of Records
(ii) The Book of odes
(iii) The Book of changes
(iv) The spring and Autumn Annals
(v) The Book of History.

Confucius and Lao-Tse were the two great thinkers in the sixth century BCE.

1. Ashoka became an ardent Buddhist after meeting the Buddhist monk Upagupta and propounded his Dharma.
2. The only true conquest he proclaimed is the conquest of self and the conquest of men's hearts by the dhamma or dharma.
3. He sent his son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghamitra to Ceylon to spread his messege of Dharma there.

(i) In one of his Kalinga edicts, he tells his horror and sorrow over the deaths which the war and conquest caused.
(ii) In yet another edict, he makes it known that Ashoka would not tolerate any longer the death captivity of even hundredth (or) thousandth part of the number killed and made captive in Kalinga.

1. Ajathasatru, the son of Bimbisara is said to have murdered his father and ascended the throne in 493 BCE.
2. He expanded his territery through military conquests.
3. He strengthened the Rajagriha fort and also built another fort at Pataligrama on the Ganges.

The three principles of Jainism are known as Tri-ratnas. They are Right faith, Right knowledge, Right action.

(i) The invention of smelting of iron transformed both production and warfare.
(ii) Before iron, copper and its alloy, bronze which were expensive were employed in production.
(iii) The weapons (or) ploughs made of copper (or) bronze edges became blunt quickly.
(iv) Iron ore in contrast was available in abundance.
(v) The weapons made of iron was in usage.
(vi) The iron axe enabled cultivators to clear the jungles and the iron plough was used to break the hardest soil.

(i) The cause of human unhappiness in the world is human selfishness. Selfishness creates unlimited human desires, which can never be satisfied.
(ii) In nature, all the things act in a natural way. The law of human conduct must correspond with nature.
(iii) Humans live a life under the regulation of someone. This is because they have acquired knowledge and have not remained innocent. On the basis of their acquired knowledge, they have built up an urban civilisation and have made themselves unhappy.

(i) Five cardinal principles of Confucius Ethics are Humaneness, Righteousness propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
(ii) Confucius said that wisdom grows from the family.
(iii) The foundation of society is the disciplined individual in an orderly family.
(iv) The superior man according to him is not merely intelligent or scholarly but his character should be exemplary.
(v) The superior man of Confucius possesses three virtues; intelligence, courage and good will.
(vi) He clearly proposed that when the command is wrong a son should resist his father and a minister should resist the prince.
(vii) He said that there are three requisites for government. "They are sufficiency of food, sufficiency of military equipment and confidence of the people in their ruler.