(i) Reign of Terror refers to the period 1793-94 when France became a republic under Maximilian Robespierre and followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
(ii) All those whom he saw as enemies of the rep blic, e.g., ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did '$ not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by revolutionary tribunal. Atmosphere of restlessness, insecurity and anxiety prevailed.
(iii) Resistance could be declared as treason and punished by guillotine. In this 14-month period about 17000 people including innocents were executed.
(iv) Terror was not an instrum\nt of class war. It was d~rected not only against the privileged classes or the rich middle class but even more against the innocent.
(v) Robespierre was a virtual dictator of France. He followed his policies so adamantly that his supporters in the end left him. He was finally convicted and guillotined.

(i) During the revolutionary years women were active partiipants to discuss and voice their interests, they started their own political clubs and newspaper.
(ii) About 60 women's clubs emerged in  different French cities, the most famous being the Society of Revolutionary and Republic Women. During the 'Reign of Terror' the new government issued laws ordering closure of women clubs and banning their political activities. Many prominent women were arrested and number of them executed.
(iii) Demands: They wanted to enjoy the same political rights as men i.e., right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office
(iv) Yet another demand was equal wages as men.
Women's struggle for equal political rights during the revolutionary years, inspired women during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in many countries of the world. Finally in 1946, French women won the right to vote.

(i) Jacobin clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plans and their own forms of action.
(ii) In 1792, the Jacbins planned an insurrection of large number of Parisians who were angered by short supplies and high food proces.
(iii) On the morning of August 10,1792. They stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king's greeds and held the king as hostage for several hours.
(iv) Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
(v) Elections were held and from then all men of 21 years regardless of wealth were given thr right to vote.
(vi) The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
(vii) On 21 Sept 1792 it abolished the monarch and declared France a republic.
(viii) They ruled France under their leader Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1740. Robespierre's reign was known as 'Reign of Terror'.

(i) (a) Jacobins was the most popular and successful political club in France. It got its name from nthe former convent of St. Jacob in Paris.
(b) The less prosperous sections of the society were members of the Jacobin club. They included small shopkeepers, artisians such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers, as well as servants and daily wage workers.
(ii) Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
(iii) (a) The Jacobins came to be known as sans-culottes literally meaning those without knee breeches.
(b) A large number of Jacobins began wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers. This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable in society, especially nobles who wore knee breeeches.

Republic is a form of government where people elect the governent including the head of the government.