Paul Bernard suggested several barriers that prevented economic growth in Vietnam.
They were:
(a) Huge population size.
(b) Low agricultural productivity.
(c) Extensive indebtedness among the peasants.

Increase in average income cannot be a guarantee of overall progress of the economy. As the data of Punjab and Kerala; in this chapter; show, there are other factors which also need to be analysed before arriving at a conclusion. Some of those factors are; infant morality rate, literacy rate, etc.

Water becomes a renewable resource through the hydrological cycle. Freshwater is mainly obtained from the surface runoff and groundwater is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.

(i) Print technology in the 6^th and 7^th century : From AD 594 onwards, books in Chine were printed by rubbing paper against the linked surface of woodblocks.
(iii) Gutenberg and the printing press : The major turning point in the growth of print technology came in 1448 when Johann Gutenberg invented the first printing press. The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.
 

The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were manifold.  The creation of libraries, cost-cutting expand beyond the aristocratic class. Socially, as the market for books grew, novelists were freed of aristocratic patronage, and could now explore different dimension of the society in their novels, for example, the lives of women and the working class. All this led to an obvious increase in the number of people who read books in eighteenth-century Europe.

People having surplus money deposit it in their banks. In this way, banks have large amount of deposit money.
Banks then hold 15% of the deposit and rest 85% is given as loans to those people who need to borrow. Here depositors and borrowers do not know each other but banks extend the deposits as loans. In this way, banks act as a mediators between those who have surplus money and those who need it.

Regular, free and fair elections, open public debate on major policies and legislation, and citizens' right to information about the government and its functioning are the practices and institutions to measure democracies on the basis of the expected outcome.

(a) A sense of unity and nationalism was inspired by history and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols.
(b) Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's song Vande Mataram united many people and communities.
(d) During the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-colour (red, green and yellow) flag was designed.
(e) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(f) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the tri-colour Swaraj flag (red, green and yellow) with the spinning wheel at the centre. This flag represented the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
(g) The glorious developments in the ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, and crafts trade flourished were discovered with the help of history. This installed pride and united the Indians.

(i) The differences between ferrous and non-ferrous mineral are

(ii) The differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy are