(i) Enterokinase 
(ii) Rennin
(iii) Ribonuclease
(iv) Lipase

(i) Pili and fimbriae are the two surface extensions that are not concerned with motility.
(ii) Structure that helps in motility of bacterial cell is flagella.

The zygote is produced by the process of syngamy and the other male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus to form the triploid Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN). In angiosperms, the astrological nature of the endosperm is triploid (3n). In the triploid condition, each nucleus has three' sets of chromosomes.

It is ratio of volume of CO₂ evolved and volume of O₂ consumed.
R.Q. = Volume of CO₂ evolved / Volume of O2 consumed
For proteins: R.Q. remains 0.9 and the R.Q. for fat is 0.7
2C₅₁H₉₈O₆ + 145O₂→ 102CO₂ + 98H₂O + Energy
R.Q. = 102/ 145 = 0.7

ATP synthatase consists of F0F1 particles. Fo acts as channel through which H+ passes.
F1 contains the site for synthesis of ATP.

The wave length of light: the visible light lies between the wave lengths of UV and IR. The most efficient is red light for photosynthesis. Green lights less effective. Maximum photosynthesis takes place in red and blue regions of spectrum of light. Chl a and b absorb mostly blue and red light.

In the solution culture the plants are grown in pure nutrient media with only required elements. The glass containers are covered with black paper to protect roots from direct light. In other glass containers plant is allowed to grow artificially with same nutritive culture that contains all essential elements except one and its essentiality is to be judged. They are compared with the control plant grown in balanced nutrient medium. When there is any change in morphological features compared with normal plant this may be due to deficiency of specific element.

a-Malphigian tubules, b-open, c-Annelida, d-kidneys

The counter current mechanism has been evolved in higher vertebrates (birds and mammals including man) to excrete hypertonic urine(urine is more concentrated than blood) for conserving body water so necessary for land life.

At hills, the pressure of air falls and the person cannot get enough oxygen in the lungs for diffusion into the blood.Due to deficiency of oxygen, the person feels breathlessness, headche, dizziness, nausea, mental fatigue and a bluish colour on the skin, nails and lips.

Marine mammals (e.g, seals and whales) can make long underwater dives as they have
(i) more blood per kg of body weight
(ii) can store more oxygen in blood and muscles
(iii) have a large spleen with blood
(iv) can reduce O₂ consumption rate when underwater

Bile is a yellowish green alkaline solution with 89-98% water, it has no digestive enzymes.the bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments(bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids, but no enzymes.Bile helps in emulsification of fats, i.e breaking down of the fats into very small micelles.Bile also activates lipases.

The HCI produced in the stomach is not as strong as used for industrial purposes.
However, acidic behavior of HCI does not corrode the stomach walls, because the gastric epithelium of stomach is secretory in nature, i.e., it produces mucus, which covers the stomach wall preventing it from corrosive action of gastric juice.

As the digestive waste reaches the rectum,it gets accumulated in rectum.If it is not excreted out through egestion process, It will intoxicate the whole body.

The compound, which can be converted into auxin are called auxin precursors. The compounds, which inhibit the actions of auxins, are termed anti-auxins. The auxins, which can easily be extracted, are called free auxins. And auxins, which are hard to extract and need the use of organic solvents, are reffered to as bound auxins.

Phosphoglyceraldehyde \(\longrightarrow \)3C, isocitrate\(\longrightarrow \)6C

(a) Water stress causes closure of stomata and decreases the availability of CO₂ for photosynthesis.
(b) Water stress also causes wilting of leaves, thus reducing the surface area of leaves for metabolic function.

Stomata are present in greater number on the lower surface because if more number of stomata will be present on the upper surface, it would lead to great amount of water loss through transpiration.
Thus, to avoid the excessive transpiration, stomata are present in greater number on lower surface of the leaf.

On reducing or removing the fifty per cent of leaves from plant, the rate of transpiration by the remaining leaves will decreases because the rate of transpiration is purely dependent upon the surface area of the leaves. Thus, plant with larger leaf surface area have higher rate of transpiration as compared to the plant with the areas of smaller leaf surface 

A system at equilibrium cannot work. But, living organisms have to work continuously and cannot afford to reach equilibrium, so living state is a non-equilibrium steady-state.

The bones have excessive calcification . So it is difficult to sty living cells in an untreated bones. For their study , the bone id first decacified in the same way as architecture of the matrix is studied after drying up of the living materials.

In gymnosperms, pollination is carried out by wind.Flowers in angiosperms have showy petals, nectaries, scent glands and several other devices to attract the insects, birds and other animals including man to help them to get pollinated.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified separately although they both bear seed because of following reasons
i) Ovules in gymnosperms are naked. In angiosperms, they are enclosed inside the ovary.
ii) Wood is non-porous in gymnosperms,i.e, the vessels are absent. Wood in angiosperms is porous,i.e, the vessels are present.

Lichens growing on rocks secrete organic acids like oxalic acid. The acids enter the rock and produce a number of honey comb-like small crevices. Mass spores are able to grow over such crevices and start the process of succession and soil formation.

Ascospore formation is the characteristic of class-Ascomycetes. Ascospores are a type of non-motile meiospores which are produced inside special sacs called asci (sing. ascus). An ascus often contains 8 ascospores because meiosis is accompanied by one mitotic division