(i) Aves and mammals are homeothermal and have extra embryonic membranes.
(ii) Frog and crocodile are cold-blooded and are tetrapods.
(iii) A turtle'and Pila have hard covering over the body and are cold-blooded animals.

This condition is called as arthritis.
The possible reasons can be
(i) inflammation of the synovial membrane,
(ii) progressive erosion of articular cartilage,
(iii) infection by a microorganism,
(iv) due to metabolic defect causing excess of uric acid and urate crystals.

Representing the structure fo a renal corpuscle

Rh-antigen is present on the surface of erythrocytes in about 80-85% of the human beings. The individuals, who possess this antigen are called Rh⁺ (Rh positive) and those, who do not have it are called Rh^- ( Rh negative ). A person when exposed to Rh⁺ blood, develops anti Rh-antibodies. A pregnant women  who is Rh^-, if bears an Rh ⁺ foetus, will develop anti-Rh-antibodies during the first delivery, when the foetal blood comes in contact with her blood. These antibodies linger in the blood for sufficiently longer periods. If she carries a second foetus, that is Rh⁺, the anti-Rh-antibodies in her blood enter the foetal circulation and cause damage to the foetal RBCs. This, could become fatal. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis.

Rh-antigen is present on the surface of erythrocytes in about 80-85% of the human beings. The individuals, who possess this antigen are called Rh⁺ (Rh positive) and those, who do not have it are called Rh^- ( Rh negative ). A person when exposed to Rh⁺ blood, develops anti Rh-antibodies. A pregnant women  who is Rh^-, if bears an Rh⁺ foetus, will develop anti-Rh-antibodies during the first delivery, when the foetal blood comes in contact with her blood. These antibodies linger in the blood for sufficiently longer periods. If she carries a second foetus, that is Rh⁺, the anti-Rh-antibodies in her blood enter the foetal circulation and cause damage to the foetal RBCs. This, could become fatal. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis.

(i) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO₂ rich alveolar air is released out.
(ii) Diffusion of gases (O₂ and CO₂ ) acroses alveolar membrane.
(iii) Transport of gases by blood to the farthest tissues in body.
(iv) Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between blood and tissues.
(v) Utilisation of O₂ by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO₂ and energy.

(i) The anaerobic respiration occurs even in organisms that live in aerobic condition like human beings and angiosperms under conditions of oxygen scarcity that happens in the muscle tissue. Under intense use, muscles demand too much energy (ATP) and consume much more oxygen to produce that energy.
(ii) This high consumption leads to oxygen scarcity and the muscle cells begin to make lactic acid by anaerobic respiration trying to fulfill their energetic needs.
(iii) Similarly, yeast cells under deficient conditions carry out anaerobic respiration.

Photosynthetic organisms at different depths in the ocean do not receive the same light qualitatively and quantitatively. The plants growing thee banks of water bodies get goof quality o light. Algae which can tolerate more dilutions of light penetrate deeper inside water. Green algae remain in the shore line, brown algae descend to intermediate depths, while red algae form the limit below where no other autotrophic plants can grow.

NADP reductase enzyme is located on the outer/stroma side of the thylakoid membrane. Along with the electrons from the primary acceptor of PS-I, it uses the protons of stroma for the reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH; this removal of protons from the stroma causes a proton gradient between the lumen of thylakoids and the stroma.

The concentration of the essential element below which plant growth is retarded is termed as critical concentration.The element is said to be deficient when present below the critical concentration.
Yes , we can find the values of critical concentration and deficient for minerals Fe and Zn by absorbing the morphological changes.If the concentrations of these elements are present below the critical values, then it may eventually lead to the death of the plant.Morphological changes are indicative of certain element deficiencies and are called deficiency symptoms.

(a) In dicot plants.
(b) (i) Shows higher water content.
(c) Potassium.

I - Uniport transport
II - Antiport transport, 
III - Symport transport.

The organic solutes in plants have to move in various direction. e.g., the food substances synthesised in the leaves are translocated downwards towards the stem and roots. Similarly, the upward movement of solutes from the leaves to the developing  buds, flowers and fruits take place. The food materials or minerals are also translocated radially from the cells of pith to those of cortex and epidermis. Thus, the various processes such as active diffusion, electrochemical potential and mass flow, etc., are needed in addition for the transport of minerals and organic solutes.

Cell division id the first stage of growth in living organisms whereby cells divide to form new cells.
(i) In unicellular organisms, cell division is a process of asexual reproduction. It leads to an increase in the total number individuals.
(ii) In multicellular organism, the division of all cells, other than the reproductive cells is known as mitosis. It is a process of cell division related to growth and is accomplished by the cellular enlargement and differentiation.

For nucleic acids, the building block is a nucleotide. A nucleotide has three chemically distinct components. One is a heterocyclic compound, the second is s monosaccharide and the third is a phosphoric acid or phosphate.
The heterocyclic compounds in nucleic acids are the nitrogenous bases named adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine and thymine. Adenine and guanine are substituted purines while, the rest are substituted pyrimidines.
The skeletal heterocyclic ring is called as purine and pyrimidine, respectively. The sugar found in polynucleotide is either ribose (a monosaccharide pentose) or 2^' deoxyribose. A nucleic acid containing deoxyribose is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), while that which contains ribose is called ribonucleic acid (RNA).

(a) Ribosomes, centrioles
(b) Lysosome, peroxisome, glyoxysome
(c) Mitochondria, chloroplast.

(i) The plasma membrane is composed of proteins, lipids (phospho glycerides) and some carbohydrales.
(ii) The lipids are arranged in a bilayer within the membrane, with their polar head towards the out of surfaces and the hydrophopic tails towards the centre of the membrane.

In cockroach, there are two types of eyes, i.e., apair of simple eye and a pair of compound eyes. A compound eye has upto 2000 hexagonbal units called ommatidia. These are responsible for producing mosaic vision. The adjacent ommatidia are separated internally by the pigment cells. An ommatidium has two parts 
(i) Outer dioptoric or focussing part, which consisits of a corneal lens, two corneagen cells, a crystalline cone and four cone cells or vitrellae.
(ii) Inner receptive part has a spindle-shaped pigment contaning rhadome surrounded by eight retinulae which continue as nerve fibre.

A well-developed pith is present in dicot stem and monocot roots.

Sunflower is an inflorescence called capitulum or racemose head. It has a flat disc-shaped penducle called receptacle. It bears an involucre of bracts on the periphery and two types of small sessile flowers called florets. The flower is arrnged centripetally with youngest towards the periphery. They are ray florets which are sterile female of ligulate type on the outside. The rest of the flower structure contains discflorets which are fertile bisexual flowers of tubular type.

Although the two are vastly different from each other . THey still bear some common characters , on the basis of which they are introduced in Eubacteria of kingdom-Monera.
These character are follows
(i) Both the group do nait possess well defined nucleus,
(ii) Nucleus lacks nucleous and nuclear membrane.
(iii) DNA (genetic material) lies freely in the cytoplasm
(iv)They possess 70 S type of ribosomes

The fairy rings form as the mycelium of the mushroom fungus spreads in the soil from a central point. It grows peripherally, so that the younger hyphae will appear that cause young fungal hyphae to form compact masses that grow into mushrooms. This is the reason, the mushrooms appear growing in a circle or ring

For the preparation of herbarium sheets, a sheet of about 29 x 41 cm is cut from chart paper. Dried specimens are mounted on the sheets with the help of glue or cellotape. A label is pasted on sheets at lower right corner of the sheet.
Tools for collection are
(i)  digger
(ii)  pruning knife
(iii)  scissors
(iv)  vasculum
(v)  polythene bags
(vi)  old newspapers
(vii) blotting papers
(viii)  plant press
(ix)  field notebook
(x)  magnifying glass
Information from herbarium sheets : The label of herbarium sheets has information like scientific name of plant, family, common and English name, local name, collector's name, place, time and date of collection.

A person lying in coma is not conscious of its surrounding environment. Thus, he/she is not capable of responding to the external environmental stimuli.The person is supported by machines for various functions of the body.The person is otherwise brain dead.Some of these patients never come back to normal life. They can neither be called living nor non-living or dead.

The living organisms are made up of molecules. These are of various sizes, classes, functions, etc. They need to change in some other biomolecules. These conversions are chemical reactions or metabolic reactions.
Metabolism is a defining feature of life, as living things depend on various biochemical reactions. These reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems, which are neither living nor non-living nor non-living, Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are thus, not living things, but surely living reactions.